Situación económica actual del mercado de fármacos del Ecuador

El Gobierno Nacional busca solucionar unos de los problemas que está enfrentando el sector farmacéutico y a la vez buscar la manera de fijar los precios de los medicamentos importados considerando el costo real de producción en el país donde se fabrican, en vez del valor que se establece en el puerto local, como se lo hace ahora, éste es uno de los planteamientos que se analizan para armar el nuevo reglamento de fijación de precios, cuyo borrador se está discutiendo. Se destaca la importancia de impulsar la producción nacional utilizando la capacidad instalada no funcional en aproximadamente el 60%

Characterization of the M1 and M2 layers in the undisturbed Martian ionosphere through solar minimum leading to solar maximum with MAVEN ROSE

We utilize data from the MAVEN Radio Occultation Science Experiment (Withers et al., 2020) - with unprecedented coverage in solar zenith angle - to isolate the effects that local time and season induce on the photochemical ionosphere of Mars around solar minimum, leading to solar maximum. 219 out of the 1228 electron density profiles of the Martian undisturbed - by solar events or dust storm - dayside ionosphere collected by MAVEN ROSE between July 2016 and December 2022 show a distinct M1 layer below the M2 layer. This allowed us to study the behavior of both the M2 and M1 peak densities and altitudes as a function of solar zenith angle, and, for the first time, to be able to separate these trends in dusk and dawn local time, as well as by Southern Spring and summer versus Southern Fall and Winter. We find that the M1 layer at small SZA can occur at altitudes lower than 100 km; that the peak altitudes and densities of both the M2 and M1 layers at dawn change more with season than they do at dusk; and that the M2 peak density decreases at a faster rate than the M1 with SZA

La Investigación, prioridad de nuestra Universidad

oai:alternativas.editorial.ucsg.edu.ec:article/

Calcium Alginate and Calcium Alginate-Chitosan Beads Containing Celecoxib Solubilized in a Self-Emulsifying Phase

Calcium alginate beads containing celecoxib dissolved in a self-emulsifying phase were developed and characterized with the aim of ensuring a control on the site of drug release. The influence of different variables (concentration of the cross-linking agent, hardening time and amount of loaded drug) on the physico-chemical and biopharmaceutical properties was evaluated. Microscope images showed spherical dried beads and DSC revealed the absence of drug in crystalline state. The swelling behaviour of the beads was pH-sensitive and was not significantly influenced by the different variables selected. All the formulations were able to reduce the drug release at low pH and guaranteed a complete drug release at intestinal pH. In particular, at pH 7.4 the effect of the concentration of the cross-linking agent was evident: the rate and the extent of celecoxib release decreased significantly as the cross-linking agent concentration increased. According to the results presented in this study, adopting 15 min of hardening time in a solution of 100 mM CaCl2 and high drug loading, it is possible to obtain multi-unit systems characterized by good mechanical resistance, scarce swelling and release in acidic environment and good drug availability performances in the intestinal fluids

Learning conservation of matter in phase changes

Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.Learners regard Chemistry as one of their most difficult courses at secondary and undergraduate levels, because they have to link several modes of representing matter and their interactions. Phase changes are one of the topics that learners of Chemistry experience problems with. On microscopic level phase changes can be explained in terms of the particulate nature of matter. During a phase change the outward appearance of a substance change, while the substance itself remains the same. In order to learn this concept, learners performed experiments on conservation of mass in an empirical study. The empirical study was conducted amongst 46 Grade 10 learners of Kgabutle High School in the Bojanala region, in the North-West Province, South Africa, following the Curriculum Statement for Physical Sciences. The investigation was done with the aid of a questionnaire. This was followed by an intervention that consisted of guided inquiry lessons aimed at enhancing the learners' understanding of conservation of matter in phase changes. Constructivist learning principles were implemented in the lessons. The effectiveness of the intervention was determined by administering the same questionnaire as pre- and post test and calculation of normalized learning gains. The results of the empirical study were used to identify alternative conceptions and other problems that hampered learners' understanding, such as language and in-depth knowledge about the kinetic molecular theory. Constructivist principles of learning are recommended to be used to enhance learners' understanding of conversation of matter in phase changes.Master

Factors that affect successful implementation of community infrastructure projects : the case of Makhuduthamaga Local Municipality, Limpopo Province

Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015Rural communities in South Africa, including Makhuduthamaga Local Municipality, experience mobility problems in order to access facilities like hospitals, police stations, schools and shopping centres. This research study attempted to identify factors that affect effective implementation of community road infrastructure projects under the jurisdiction of Makhuduthamaga Local Municipal Council. The study was qualitative in nature wherein municipal officials directly involved in provision and maintenance of road infrastructure in the municipality, ward councillors and a consultant were interviewed. The study wanted to understand how councillors, officials and consultant observe service delivery in terms of road infrastructure in the area. The respondents indicated that the project management unit is trying very hard to ensure that service provision is spread adequately but the challenges experienced hamper effective service delivery. The identified challenges include: interference, including political interference of some stakeholders, service providers who are not experienced enough, inadequate finances and supply chain systems and policies which seem to be ill-defined and/or not implemented properly. There is a need for the government to invest more in infrastructure, specifically roads. It was proven from the findings of this study that the government still has to do more in providing quality roads in rural areas. The municipality should prioritise financial allocation or provision for road infrastructure in their budget to help in the stimulation of the burden experienced by everyone in this regard. The study recommends that the Project management unit needs to adhere to policy and contracts that bind service providers. There should be training of officials and service providers to improve the quality and effectiveness of the services rendered

Análisis de riesgo en el transporte terrestre de sustancias químicas peligrosas en la ciudad de Guayaquil, para identificar la vulnerabilidad y protección de la población, 2014.

Este documento contiene archivo en PDF.La carga, desplazamiento y descarga d materiales peligrosos ocurre a cada momento de cada día en todo el mundo. Desde las provisiones para la industria hasta el combustible que usamos en nuestros hogares y vehículos, diversas sustancias útiles que, derramadas, representan un peligro potencial para la salud y el medio ambiente, son transportadas por carreteras, ferrocarriles, vías fluviales, pasando cerca o a través de nuestras comunidades. (TransAPELL, guía de planeación para emergencias durante el transporte de materiales peligrosos en una comunidad local, 2000). Por lo que se desea analizar los riesgos que se presentan durante el transporte de sustancias químicas peligrosas en vías importantes de la ciudad de Guayaquil, para así verificar que el actual protocolo de atención a emergencias con materiales peligrosos de la ciudad permite minimizar los efectos negativos ante un accidente vehicular con derrames/ fugas de estos elementos y también aportar medidas de prevención efectivas que mitiguen la probabilidad de presentarse un incidente en los tramos de vías estudiados.Load, displacement and discharge of hazardous materials occurs at every moment of every day around the world. From provisions for industry, to the fuel we use in our homes and vehicles, various useful substances , which spilled represent a potential danger to health and the environment are transported by roads, railways, waterways , passing close or through our communities. So you want to analyze the risks that occur during the transport of hazardous chemicals on major roads in the city of Guayaquil. In order to verify if the current emergency response protocol with the city Hazardous Materials and helps minimizing the negative effects before a vehicular accident spills / leaks of these elements and also provide effective preventive measures to mitigate the likelihood of an incident occur on stretches of roads studied

Time-resolved CARS measurements of the vibrational decoherence of I2 isolated in an Ar matrix

Time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering is applied to prepare and interrogate vibrational coherences on the ground electronic surface of molecular iodine isolated in Ar matrices. The coherence decay time shows a linear dependence on vibrational quantum numbers for v=3-15. The temperature dependence of decoherence rates is negligible for v<7 in the experimental range T=18-32 K. For a v=13, 14 superposition, the temperature dependence indicates dephasing by a 66 cm(-1) pseudo-local phonon, just outside the Debye edge of the solid. The accuracy of the data is limited due to two-photon induced dissociation of the molecule, a process which is characterized using polarized fields. The T-->0 limit of dephasing is discussed. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics

Sustainable Land Use: Methodology and Application

The chapters in this volume are edited versions of papers presented at the NATO Ad- vanced Research Workshop on Environmental Change Adaptation and Security held in Budapest, Hungary, from October 16 - 18, 1997. As is evident in this volume, the papers ranged from descriptions of environmental and health issues in Russia and Eastern Europe to models of sustainable land use. This diversity of perspectives on environ- ment and security is indicative of both the breadth of this new area of research as well as the varied background of the researchers involved. The discussions at the NATO workshop were remarkably animated and exciting, not surprising given the interest in the topic. I think this vitality is reflected in the papers in this volume as well. The main purpose of the NATO ARW is to foster research links among researchers from NATO countries and Central and Eastern European States, Russia, and the Newly Independent States. In editing this volume, a decision was made to keep to the spirit of this purpose and-if at all possible-include all papers prepared for the workshop. This required extensive editing and rewriting of some of the papers (and consequent delays in production). A determination was made early in the process by the workshop steering committee that the value of publishing the entire collection of articles out- weighed the advantages of accepting only a limited number