317 research outputs found

    Report of the panel on international programs

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    The panel recommends that NASA participate and take an active role in the continuous monitoring of existing regional networks, the realization of high resolution geopotential and topographic missions, the establishment of interconnection of the reference frames as defined by different space techniques, the development and implementation of automation for all ground-to-space observing systems, calibration and validation experiments for measuring techniques and data, the establishment of international space-based networks for real-time transmission of high density space data in standardized formats, tracking and support for non-NASA missions, and the extension of state-of-the art observing and analysis techniques to developing nations

    LONG-TERM FIELD RESEARCH IN ETHNOMUSICOLOGY IN THE 21ST-CENTURY

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    Este artigo faz uma revisão da história da pesquisa de campo de longa duração na Etnomusicologia (e em alguma medida na Antropologia social) e descreve algumas mudanças resultantes das transformações tecnológicas e éticas no século 21. Com base na experiência do autor entre os índios Suyá/Kïsêdjê desde 1971, discute algumas das vantagens e desvantagens dessa modalidade de pesquisa de campo. Entre as vantagens estão o enriquecimento das perspectivas dos pesquisadores como resultado de um maior aprofundamento em campo, enriquecimento oriundo das mudanças tanto na comunidade quanto do pesquisador ao longo do tempo, possibilidades de colaboração e ajuda quanto aos anseios da comunidade, satisfação e realização pessoal, e, especialmente, o aumento do respeito pelas iniciativas dos sujeitos da pesquisa. Entre as desvantagens incluemse uma possível limitação no desenvolvimento intelectual, uma redução na intensidade da pesquisa, confi ança demais ou (alternativamente) muito estresse, bem como confl itos potenciais entre os achados dos pesquisadores e a auto-imagem e a auto-compreensão da comunidade. A melhora na forma de comunicação e o aumento do reconhecimento de que os indivíduos e as comunidades pesquisadas têm seus próprios objetivos, provavelmente contribuirá para um aumento da opção por pesquisas de longa duração. Este fato deve, no entanto, ser também tema de reflexão.This paper reviews the history of long-term fi eld research in ethnomusicology (and to a certain extent social anthropology) and describes some of the changes resulting from transformations in technology and ethics in the 21st century. Based on the author’s experience with the Suyá/ Kïsêdjê Indians since 1971, it discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of fi eld research that extends for long periods of time Among the advantages are enrichment of researchers’ perspectives as a result of greater time depth, enrichment stemming from changes in both the community and the researcher over time, possibilities for collaboration and assistance with community objectives, personal enjoyment and fulfi llment, and especially increased respect for the intentions of the subjects of the research. Disadvantages include a possible failure to grow intellectually, a loss of the intensity in the research, too much comfort or (alternatively) too much stress, and potential confl icts between the researchers’ fi ndings and the community’s self-image and understanding. Improved communication and recognition that the individuals and communities researched have their own objectives will probably contribute to an increased frequency of long-term research. This fact must, however, also be a subject of conscious refl ection

    The Reel Living Dead: Tales of Sounds from the Archival Vaults in Memory of Elizabeth Travassos

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    Abstract: Audiovisual archives were an essential component of the emergence of the fields of comparative musicology and its successor, Ethnomusicology.  By the end of the 20th century archives seemed to be less important to the ethnographic study of musical performances.  Most researchers analyzed only their own recordings, not those collected by others.  This paper suggests that during the past 15 years archives have a renewed ethical, political, and artistic importance.  The author describes examples of returning collections to communities for them to use at critical moments in their self-transformation. Collections like those Elizabeth Travassos curated at the Museu de Folklore Edison Carneiro early in her professional career may have continued life in Brazilian culture in spite of the damage inflicted on the recordings by the passage of time. Keywords: Audiovisual archives. Field recordings. Ethnomusicology. Elizabeth Travassos. BrazilDa morte à vida: contos sobre coleções sonoras e fonotecas em memória de Elizabeth TravassosResumo: As fonotecas tiveram um papel essencial no desenvolvimento das disciplinas de musicologia comparativa no início do século 20 e de sua herdeira, a etnomusicologia.  Depois, no final do século 20, as fonotecas pareciam menos imporantes e muitos pesquisadores somente analisaram suas próprias gravações, e não as gravações de outras pessoas.  O autor descreve examplos do retorno de coleções para as comunidades onde foram colhidas para serem usados em momentos críticos. Sugere-se que durante os ultimos 15 anos fonotecas ganharam um crecida importancia ética, política, e artística. Coleções, como aqueles que Elizabeth Travassos se responsibilizou no Museu Folclore Edison Carneiro no início da sua carreira, possam ter uma nova e importante vida na cultura brasileira, apesar nos danos de deterioração e de tempo. Palavras-chave: Fonotecas. Gravacões para pesquisa. Etnomusicologia. Elizabeth Travassos. Brasi

    Chanter l’identité

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    RésuméLes relations entre les sons et les autres aspects de la vie sociale n’ont pas été suffisamment étudiées par les ethnomusicologues. Cet article montre comment les interprétations musicales des Suyá du Mato Grosso au Brésil reproduisent et jusqu’à un certain point façonnent des traits spécifiques de leur organisation sociale et de leur cosmologie. L’analyse de la mélodie, du texte et du style d’interprétation des chants Suyá permet de montrer que les exécutions vocales font partie intégrante de la création et de l’expression des individus autant que des groupes cérémoniels. Bien que ces caractéristiques soient peut-être spécifiques aux Suyá, l’article démontre qu’il est possible de découvrir puis de décrire ce type de relations.AbstractEthnomusi-cologists have insufficiently specified the relationships between sounds and other aspects of social life. This article demonstrates the way musical performances among the Suyá Indians of Mato Grosso, Brazil, replicate and to a degree shape specific features of their social organization and cosmology. Through an analysis of melody, text, and performance style in Suyá song, vocal performances are shown to be part of the creation and expression of both individuals and ceremonial groups. Although these features may be specific to the Suyá, the article demonstrates that such relationships can be found and described

    L’éthique et le droit d’auteur en musique

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    Les régimes de la propriété intellectuelle en Europe et en Amérique du Nord sont utilisés dans de nombreux autres pays comme bases juridiques de la plupart des accords et traités commerciaux. Mais ils sont à la source de fréquentes insatisfactions, que ce soit auprès des peuples autochtones, des membres des communautés locales, des activistes du droit d’auteur et de nombreux artistes. Il semble depuis longtemps que la diffusion des lois sur la propriété intellectuelle n’allait susciter aucune opposition de la part des États, aucun intérêt auprès des ethnomusicologues et aucune modification due aux nouvelles technologies. Cela n’est plus le cas. Les ethnomusicologues et d’autres chercheurs sont aujourd’hui activement impliqués dans les réflexions sur ces lois ; de nombreux peuples, de nombreuses communautés dans le monde demandent que l’on intègre des considérations sur leurs savoirs traditionnels et leur patrimoine immatériel dans les législations sur la propriété intellectuelle, et de nouvelles idées émergent sur la manière d’améliorer certaines carences de la législation concernant la propriété intellectuelle sans pour autant changer les lois. Cet article passe en revue certains des problèmes liés aux lois en vigueur sur la propriété intellectuelle, tout en décrivant quelques-unes des manières novatrices proposées par les communautés, les chercheurs, les organisations internationales et quelques ONG concernées par le sujet

    Identidade Suyá

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    Falarei brevemente sobre uma questão que me preocupa por suas implicações nas análises das sociedades indígenas no Brasil e também em nossas discussões sobre política indígena. A questão é a maneira pela qual os grupos indígenas se identificam e como nós os identificamos: em suma, os defeitos do nosso conceito de tribo. Minha intenção não é substituir uma terminologia de senso comum, embora que inadequada, por um sistema de neologismos ou sociologismos, mas, simplesmente, alertar para certas armadilhas envolvidas em nosso uso de "tribo” . Os antropólogos acabaram de convencer o público de que o “ índio” genérico não existe; agora vamos complicar a situação ainda mais

    WORDS, MUSIC, UNIVERSITIES, AND CONSERVATORIES: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON CHARLES SEEGER AND U.S. (ETHNO)MUSICOLOGY

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    In a world grappling with the enduring influence of colonialism and racism and the terrible social costs of economic inequality, wars, and resulting suffering, it should be no surprise that musicology departments and music conservatories are re-examining their missions and curricula. This self-analysis is further encouraged by statistics that show college graduates with B.A. degrees in music earn the lowest starting salaries of any university major in the United States and changes in musical tastes. This is partly because many kinds of music and musical knowledge have been excluded from musicology departments and institutions of musical training in the United States. I assume this is happening in Brazil, with more concrete results.Em um mundo que luta contra a influência duradoura do colonialismo e do racismo e dos terríveis custos sociais da desigualdade econômica, guerras e sofrimentos resultantes, não deveria ser surpresa que departamentos de musicologia e conservatórios de música estejam reexaminando suas missões e currículos. Esta auto-análise é ainda mais encorajada por estatísticas que mostram que graduados em música ganham os salários iniciais mais baixos de qualquer universidade nos Estados Unidos e pelas mudanças nos gostos musicais. Isso se deve ao fato de que muitos tipos de música e conhecimentos musicais foram excluídos dos departamentos de musicologia e instituições de formação musical nos Estados Unidos. Assumo que isto está acontecendo no Brasil, com resultados mais concretos

    From ‘our pot’ to ‘my pot’: reflections on ownership and long-term fieldwork with the Suyá/ Ksêdjê 1971-2019

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    This paper addresses issues of anthropological and ethnomusicological field research and changes in Suyá/Ksêdjê concepts of ownership over a half century. It begins with a pot and moves to a discussion of a few of the issues involved in selecting a research topic and field site. It continues with a discussion of the author’s fieldwork experiences with the Suyá/Ksêdjê Indigenous group in Brazil that the author has been visiting for almost 50 years. The paper discusses some of the advantages, disadvantages, and determinants of such long-term field research. Some things have changed a lot over 50 years and others have not changed as much. An important area of change among the Suyá/Ksêdjê has been in the concept of “ownership and control.” Ksêdjê ideas have been transformed, especially during the past 20 years, by their increased contact with the market economy and their experience licensing body paint designs to a sandal company. The advantages of long-term field research, of encouraging a younger scholar to continue work with the Ksêdjê, and the opportunities to learn from changing concepts of ownership and fieldwork are evidenced throughout the paper and summarized in the short concluding section
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