Comparison between Pge2 suppositories and Foley catheter in ripening in pregnant women ≥ 28w during 3 months in Kosar hospital, Ghazvin

The aim of this study was to compare between PGE2 suppositories and Foley catheter in cervical ripening in 60 pregnant women during 28w within 3 months in Kosar hospital. In this study, 30 women undergoing cervical ripening in PGE2 and 30 women were treated with Foley catheter and these two groups were compared. The group under study by Foley catheter was group A and the group treated with PG was group B. The aim of this study was to study the effectiveness of ripening the cervix with a Foley catheter relative to copper PG through the secondary Bishop score than primary ones and thus to determine change of score = BS Bishop. Thus, during birth and during the first stage of the first dose to Acthve phase, this score is reduced. In this study, a statistically significant difference was observed in the secondary BS and BS changes duration delivery and during the first stage of Acthve phase, i.e. when there is stage of index time.duration of delivery time and during pre-induction Stage, the cost of the hospitalization will be decreased, and greatly help the poor people of our country and in this way, lots of financial burden will be removed with cheap instrument

Sexual & reproductive health self-care measurement tool

The Sexual and Reproductive Health Self-Care Measurement Tool aims to provide a global standard approach to practical and accurate measurement of sexual and reproductive (SRH) self-care interventions, with a focus on three specific interventions: self-injectable hormonal contraception, HIV self-testing, and self-managed abortion. Led by the SCTG’s Evidence and Learning Working Group (ELWG), the SRH Self-Care Measurement Tool was developed through a consensus-driven process by a group of global experts, including academics, implementers, donors, and intergovernmental bodies, with the goal of identifying a minimum set of priority indicators for each of these self-care interventions

Decorative Motifs and Lighting Effects in Promoting Quality Health of Persian Bathhouse

The hidden issues behind the body of Iranian architecture contain meanings, mysteries, and symbols. In the pathology of the bathroom, it should be noted that anti-physiological leisure in a mechanized, automated, and boring environment with no desire to stay in it, is the main problem that has prevailed in recent years. The aim of this article is to describe the relationship between the function of symbols of Iranian Architecture and the quality of health. This paper investigates 5 case studies namely the traditional bathhouse of Iran (TBI) from 5 cities with a particular approach to light and decorative motifs from the Ghajar and Safavid periods in Iran. The methodology used is the Delphi research with the Q factor analysis. Finally, the profile of the relations of ornaments in a healthy TBI is explained.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Quality of bathhouse; decorative motifs; lighting; healthy environmen

Iranian Traditional Bathhouse:Relationship between mental health and geometric features

To develop health, it is necessary to pay attention to different dimensions of social settings, abilities, and affordance. Behavioral bathhouses compared to the modern day bathrooms are different regarding meanings, function, and properties. The research method in this paper is qualitative using the Grounded Theory methodology. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the mental health of users and the geometric features (shape & form) of Iranian bathhouses. In conclusion, the research finding revealed that the geometric features of traditional bathhouse of Iran made the different dimensions of mental health.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Bathhouse; bathroom; geometric shapes; healin

Harnessing Symbiotic Mixotrophic Microalgal-Bacterial Biofilms for N and P Elimination

Funding: This research was funded by Catalga Biotech S.L., ALGAESYS S.A. and FCK received support from the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland pooling initiative. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions. Acknowledgments: The authors extend their gratitude to their colleagues at Catalaga Biotech for generously providing all the necessary equipment.Peer reviewe

Incentive schemes for school attendance in rural Bangladesh

This paper examines the impact of two incentive schemes on school attendance in rural Bangladesh: a food-for-education program for poor primary school children and a female secondary school scholarship scheme. The data come from an in-depth village study, before and after the programs went into effect. Both programs provide direct financial incentives to families to send their children to and keep them in school. The data also allow for an assessment of an informal school program sponsored by BRAC, a national non-governmental institution, at the study sites. School enrollment in the target population increased more rapidly than would have been predicted by long-term trends and coincided with the introduction of the incentives. Furthermore, the school incentives resulted in marriage delays for young girls. Qualitative evidence also documents a change in perceptions about the importance of education for underprivileged groups in society

Identifying and prioritizing evidence needs in self-care interventions for sexual and reproductive health

BackgroundSelf-care as an extension of health care systems can increase access to care. The development of programs and generation of evidence to support self-care in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a relatively nascent field. We undertook a study to identify and prioritize evidence gaps for SRH self-care.MethodsWe used the CHNRI methodology and administered two online surveys to stakeholders affiliated with major self-care networks. The first survey was used to identify evidence gaps, and the second to prioritize them using predetermined criteria.ResultsWe received 51 responses to the first survey and 36 responses to the second. Many evidence gaps focused on awareness of and demand for self-care options and best mechanisms for supporting users of self-care with information, counseling and linkages to care.ConclusionA priority area of work ahead should be determining which aspects of the learning agenda reflect gaps in evidence and which reflect a need to effectively synthesize and disseminate existing evidence

The individual level cost of pregnancy termination in Zambia: a comparison of safe and unsafe abortion

Zambia has one of the most liberal abortion laws in sub-Saharan Africa. However, rates of unsafe abortion remain high with negative health and economic consequences. Little is known about the economic burden on women of abortion care-seeking in low income countries. The majority of studies focus on direct costs (e.g.: hospital fees). This paper estimates the individual-level economic burden of safe and unsafe abortion care-seeking in Zambia, incorporating all indirect and direct costs. It uses data collected in 2013 from a tertiary hospital in Lusaka, (n=112) with women who had an abortion. Three treatment routes are identified: i) safe abortion at the hospital ii) unsafe clandestine medical abortion initiated elsewhere with post-abortion care at the hospital and iii) unsafe abortion initiated elsewhere with post-abortion care at the hospital. Based on these three typologies, we use descriptive analysis and linear regression to estimate the costs for women of seeking safe and unsafe abortion and to establish whether the burden of abortion care-seeking costs is equally distributed across the sample. Around 39% of women had an unsafe abortion, incurring substantial economic costs before seeking post-abortion care. Adolescents and poorer women are more likely to use unsafe abortion. Unsafe abortion requiring post-abortion care costs women 27% more than a safe abortion. When accounting for uncertainty this figure increases dramatically. For safe and unsafe abortions, unofficial provider payments represent a major cost to women. This study demonstrates that despite a liberal legislation, Zambia still needs better dissemination of the law to women and providers and resources to ensure abortion service access. The policy implications of this study include: the role of pharmacists and mid-level providers in the provision of medical abortion services; increased access to contraception, especially for adolescents; and, elimination of demands for unofficial provider payments

Pregnancies, abortions, and pregnancy intentions: a protocol for modeling and reporting global, regional and country estimates

Background Estimates of pregnancies, abortions and pregnancy intentions can help assess how effectively women and couples are able to fulfil their childbearing aspirations. Abortion incidence estimates are also a necessary foundation for research on the safety of abortions performed and the consequences of unsafe abortion. Furthermore, periodic estimates of these indicators are needed to help inform policy and programmes. Methods We will develop a Bayesian hierarchical times series model which estimates levels and trends in pregnancy rates, abortion rates, and percentages of pregnancies and births unintended for each five-year period between 1990 and 2019. The model will be informed by data on abortion incidence and the percentage of births or pregnancies that were unintended. We will develop a data classification process to be applied to all available data. Model-based estimates and associated uncertainty will take account of data sparsity and quality. Our proposed approach will advance previous work in two key ways. First, we will estimate pregnancy and abortion rates simultaneously, and model the propensity to abort an unintended pregnancy, as opposed to modeling abortion rates directly as in prior work. Secondly, we will produce estimates that are reproducible at the country level by publishing the data inputs, data classification processes and source code. Discussion This protocol will form the basis for updated global, regional and national estimates of intended and unintended pregnancy rates, abortion rates, and the percent of unintended pregnancies ending in abortion, from 1990 to 2019