Evaluation of Reading Habits of Teacher Candidates: Study of Scale Development

The main purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale for printed and digital competencies (“The Printed and Digital Reading Habits Scale”). The problem statement of this research can be expressed as: “The Printed and Digital Reading Habits Scale: is a valid and reliable scale?” In this study, the scale development method was employed, and two instruments were used: “The Personal Information Form” (sex, age, university, department, and grade)” and 5 Likert-Type “Printed and Digital Reading Habits Scale”. Five hundred twenty-four teacher candidates (1st and 4th grades) from the departments of Turkish Teaching, Elementary School Teaching, and Pre-School Teaching at Marmara University and Kocaeli University participated in this study. Based on the results of the validity and reliability analyses obtained in the present study, the number of items in the scale was reduced to 18. The KMO value of the scale was found to be .904. The coefficient of Cronbach’s Alpha of the scale was found to be .82. Based on the factor analysis of the scale, it was discovered that it had three sub-factors. The test-retest results indicated that the scale would not change at any time (t: -1.664, p< 0.05). In conclusion, it is possible to describe “The Printed and Digital Reading Habits Scale” is a valid and reliable scale

Concurrent occurrence of human and equine West Nile virus infections in Central Anatolia, Turkey: the first evidence for circulation of lineage 1 viruses

SummaryBackgroundWest Nile fever is an important zoonotic infection caused by West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae. Previous serological data from Turkey suggest widespread WNV circulation. This report includes cases of human and equine WNV infections occurring concurrently, and manifesting as central nervous system infections, in two neighboring provinces of Central Anatolia, Turkey. A partial phylogenetic analysis of the causative virus is given for the first time.MethodsThe cases were reported in February (horses) and March (human). Symptoms of the disease were similar in the two species, characterized by neurological manifestations suggesting meningoencephalitis. Real-time/nested PCRs and commercial immunoassays and a plaque reduction neutralization assay were employed for the detection of viral RNA and specific antibodies, respectively.ResultsWNV RNAs were detected in buffy coat (horses) and cerebrospinal fluid (human) samples. Partial nucleotide sequences of the E-gene coding region revealed that the strains are closely related to viruses of lineage 1, clade 1a. Accompanying equine serosurveillance demonstrated WNV-specific antibodies in 31.6% of the samples.ConclusionsThis is the first report of acute WNV infections caused by lineage 1 strains from Turkey, in concordance with previous reports from some European and North African countries

Bireyin Duygu Haritası

Human being is an entity that may have to face a number o dualities as a necessity and as a result of its position in society. Individuality of human as its social existence and humanity as its mental existance may diverge and oppose to each other in some certain conditions. Dualities and division between society, individual and human produce emotions and inner dialogues. These feelings and inner dialogues may be seen in contacts with the metaphysical processes of the mind. These contacts construct the structure of an internal conflict. Within internal and external dualities, while forming paintings which presenting emotion map of individual, some impulses of human emotions are taken into consideration. These impulses include existance and disappearence, decisions and thoughts of affect and the emotional elements arising from human's communication between culture and society. In the paintings, emotions were configurated as fragments to a plastic language. Fragments transferred to forms with expressions through symbols, figures, places and objects as allegorical constructions. Symbols are used in the paintings by making use of myths and personal interpretations of social images. Figures, places and objects have been configured in a way that gives a sense of passivity in order to reveal the pressure of society on the individual. The aim of the research is to paint amotions and inner dialogues.İnsan toplumda konumlanışının gereği ve sonucu olarak, birtakım ikiliklerle yüzleşmek zorunda kalabilen bir varlıktır. İnsanın toplumsal varoluşu olarak bireyselliği ve zihinsel varoluşu olarak insanlığı belirli durumlarda uyuşmayabilir ve karşı karşıya gelebilir. Toplum, birey ve iç diyaloglar zihnin metafizik süreçleriyle kurulan temaslarda görülebilir. Bu temaslar bir iç çatışmanın yapısını oluşturur. Bireyin duygu haritasını ortaya koyan resimler oluşturulurken, içsel ve dışsal ikiliklerin çerçevesinde, insanın bazı dürtüleri temel alınmıştır. Bu dürtüler, var olmak ve yok olabilir olmak, duygulanım kararları ve ardındaki düşünceler, kültür, toplum ve insan arasındaki etkileşimde ortaya çıkan duygusal unsurlardır. Bu araştırmada yapılan resimlerde, duygular fragmanlar olarak plastik bir dile dökülmüştür. Fragmanlar alegorik kurgular olarak simgeler, figürler,mekanlar ve nesneler üzerinden ifadeler ile biçimlere aktarılmıştır. Resimlerde simgeler mitlerden ve toplumsal imgelerle ilgili kişisel yorumlardan yararlanılarak kullanılmıştır. Bedenler, mekanlar ve nesneler, toplumun birey üzerindeki baskısını ortaya koymak adına, edilgenlik duygusu verecek şekilde çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmada, duyguları ve iç diyalogları resmetmek amaçlanmıştır

Comparison of FEA-based thermal and loss analyses of the dry-type transformer using different grades of core material

This study presents a comparative simulation of electrical steels with different grain orientations in three-phase dry-type power distribution transformers. Electrical steels modeled as three-phase transformer cores are analyzed and compared. In this context, time-dependent simulations of three-dimensional transformer models were performed using the coupling method based on finite element analysis to determine core losses and thermal behavior differences. This study reveals the effects of different grades of core materials on time-dependent core temperature depend on power losses and magnetic flux density. For this purpose, a 100 kVA three-strand three-phase dry-type transformer was used to simulate and prove the concept, and the simulation results were compared. As a result, according to mathematical calculations, core losses for M3, M4, and M5 were 298 W, 340 W, and 402 W, respectively, while the error rates between them were found to be 2.95%, 1.1%, and 5.5%, with the simulation results. The maximum temperature values obtained as a result of the time-dependent thermal analysis according to these loss values are 70.71°C, 70.724°C, and 80.619°C, respectively. These results show how important the material selection is in terms of design, efficiency, and transformer life

Fotonik Kristal Temelli Sıcaklık Algılayıcısının Duyarlılığının İyileştirilmesi

Üçgen örgülü GaAs fotonik kristal yapısı kullanılarak sayısal ortamda bir sıcaklık algılayıcısı önerilmiş ve algılayıcının duyarlılığı kavite çevresinde yapısal değişimler yapılarak ve yavaş ışık özelliği kullanılarak iyileştirilmiştir. Fotonik kristal dalga kılavuzunun bir sıra ilerisinde bir noktasal kusur oluşturularak kavite rezonans frekanslarındaki ışık bu noktasal boşluğa bağlaştırılmış ve sıcaklığa bağlı olarak rezonans frekansın değişimi incelenmiştir. Duyarlılığın artırılması için kavitenin yanlarındaki deliklerin yarıçapı ve kavite alanı değiştirilmiştir. 0.1001 nm/ºC olan sıcaklık algılayıcısının duyarlılığı yapısal iyileştirmeler ile 1.4%±0.1% artırılmıştır. Dalga kılavuzu çevresindeki ilk sıra deliklerin yarıçapı değiştirilerek ve dalga kılavuzuna paralel doğrultuda kaydırılarak kavite rezonans dalga boyunu da içeren 20.23 nm'lik aralıkta ışık 14 kat yavaşlatılmıştır. Yavaş ışık etkisi ile kipin kavite ile daha fazla optiksel olarak örtüşmesi sonucu algılayıcının duyarlılığı %2.8±%0.1 artmıştır

Estimation of core losses in three-phase dry-type transformers using adaptive-network based fuzzy ınference systems (ANFIS)

This study presents the core loss estimation of three-phase dry-type transformers using adaptive network-based fuzzy interface systems. Accurate estimation of losses is very important during the design stage. The ANSYS/Maxwell and ANFIS programs are used to estimate core losses based on time-dependent analysis of magnetic field distributions and FEA parametric analysis, respectively. For this, we used 804 result data obtained by finite element (FEA) parametric analysis for a given number of primary turns (Formula presented.) excitation voltage (Formula presented.) and load resistance (Formula presented.) For validation, 20 of the 804 data were randomly selected from the data used in the training and testing processes. The remaining 784 data were used for training. The error obtained by the validation test is 1.9978. As a result, it has been shown that the parameters given at the design stage can be accurately estimated with ANFIS, and parameter estimation can be made for any input and output value

Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Gene Variants Associated with Lamivudine, Adefovir and Entecavir Resistance and Some Undefined Mutations Isolated from Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in the South of Turkey

IIn order to detect the mutation patterns related to Lamivudine (LAM), Adefovir (ADV) and Entecavir (ETV) resistance, we examined totally 230 stored HBsAg (+) and HBV DNA (+) sera samples of patients suffering chronic hepatitis B and treated with LAM, ADV and ETV in the south of Turkey. 100, 110 and 20 sera wereobtained from patients treated with LAM (for at least 2 years), ADV (for at least 2 years) and ETV (for at least1 year), respectively. A 422 bp segment of HBV polymerase gene which included B, C and D domains of viral polymerase gene was amplified by a nested PCR protocol and sequenced by a silver staining based cyclesequencingreaction. Mutation patterns related to LAM, ADV and ETV resistance were detected in 23 of 100 (23.00%), 3 of110 (2.75 %) and 0 of 20 (0.00%) sera in 3 groups, respectively. rtM204I and rtM204VrtL180M dual mutationswere detected in 13 of 100 (13.00%) and 10 of 100 (10.00%) sera, respectively in LAM treated group. rtN236Tmutation was detected in 3 of 110 (2.75%) sera in ADV treated group. rtM204I and rtM204VrtL180M mutations were also detected in 8 of 110 (7.27%) and 5 of 110 (4.54%) sera in ADV treated group. No mutation pattern was detected related to ETV resistance. However, rtM204I mutation was also detected in 3 of 20 (15.00%)in ETV treated group. Additionally, some undefined mutations such as rtI233V, rtN238R, P237H and rtK241Ewere detected in 3 of 110 (2.75%), 2 of 110 (1.80%), 1 of 110 (0.90%) and 1 of 110 (0.90%) sera, respectively inADV treated group. The study reveals that detection of mutations associated with viral polymerase inhibitors isimportant for better patient treatment. Antiviral therapy of hepatitis with viral polymerase inhibitors is still controversial.IIn order to detect the mutation patterns related to Lamivudine (LAM), Adefovir (ADV) and Entecavir (ETV) resistance, we examined totally 230 stored HBsAg (+) and HBV DNA (+) sera samples of patients suffering chronic hepatitis B and treated with LAM, ADV and ETV in the south of Turkey. 100, 110 and 20 sera wereobtained from patients treated with LAM (for at least 2 years), ADV (for at least 2 years) and ETV (for at least1 year), respectively. A 422 bp segment of HBV polymerase gene which included B, C and D domains of viral polymerase gene was amplified by a nested PCR protocol and sequenced by a silver staining based cyclesequencingreaction. Mutation patterns related to LAM, ADV and ETV resistance were detected in 23 of 100 (23.00%), 3 of110 (2.75 %) and 0 of 20 (0.00%) sera in 3 groups, respectively. rtM204I and rtM204VrtL180M dual mutationswere detected in 13 of 100 (13.00%) and 10 of 100 (10.00%) sera, respectively in LAM treated group. rtN236Tmutation was detected in 3 of 110 (2.75%) sera in ADV treated group. rtM204I and rtM204VrtL180M mutations were also detected in 8 of 110 (7.27%) and 5 of 110 (4.54%) sera in ADV treated group. No mutation pattern was detected related to ETV resistance. However, rtM204I mutation was also detected in 3 of 20 (15.00%)in ETV treated group. Additionally, some undefined mutations such as rtI233V, rtN238R, P237H and rtK241Ewere detected in 3 of 110 (2.75%), 2 of 110 (1.80%), 1 of 110 (0.90%) and 1 of 110 (0.90%) sera, respectively inADV treated group. The study reveals that detection of mutations associated with viral polymerase inhibitors isimportant for better patient treatment. Antiviral therapy of hepatitis with viral polymerase inhibitors is still controversial.</p