Variabilidade genética e compatibilidade vegetativa de isolados de Erythricium salmonicolor

A rubelose é uma doença causada pelo fungo Erythricium salmonicolor que atinge muitos hospedeiros, como citros, café, seringueira, eucalipto, Acacia sp., infectando principalmente os galhos. Rubelose é um sério problema para o Brasil, reduzindo a produção de citros em valores próximos de 10%. A diversidade do fungo E. salmonicolor em cultivares brasileiras ainda não foi avaliada. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: i) avaliar a variabilidade genética, por meio de RAPD, de 19 isolados de E. salmonicolor provenientes de diferentes regiões citrícolas de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, ii) avaliar a compatibilidade vegetativa e fusão de hifas do fungo E. salmonicolor. Após a análise por RAPD, foram observados 6 grupos distintos, os quais não apresentaram correlação com o local de origem e espécie hospedeira. No teste de compatibilidade vegetativa, houve encontro de hifas em todos os cruzamentos e 84% destes apresentaram fusão entre elas. Foi verificada compatibilidade entre linhagens, embora não tenha sido observada correlação com os haplótipos. Os resultados observados neste trabalho indicam a importância de futuros estudos sobre a fase sexual do fungo E. salmonicolor, uma vez que a anastomose de hifas precede a formação de heterocário, onde ocorrem os processos de recombinação sexual e parassexual responsáveis pela variabilidade genética em fungos filamentosos.The Pink Disease is caused by Erythricium salmonicolor, which attacks broad hosts, such as citrus, coffee, rubber, Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia spp., infecting mainly branches. This disease became a serious problem in Brazil, reducing the citrus production up to 10%. However the genetic diversity and compatibility of the fungus E. salmonicolor from Brazilian citrus plants is not yet evaluated. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate: i) the genetic variability of E. salmonicolor in the São Paulo and Minas Gerais States by the RAPD technique, and ii) the vegetative compatibility between these isolates. After RAPD analysis, six distinct groups were observed without correlation between the isolation site or host species. In the vegetative compatibility test, the contact of fungal hyphae between all evaluated crosses was observed, of which 84% presented hyphal fusion. Although the compatibility between strains was observed, no correlation between RAPD haplotypes and hyphal anastomosis was verified. These results show the importance of future studies on the sexual cycle of E. salmonicolor, since hyphal fusion, which precedes the formation of heterokaryons (sexual and parasexual reproduction) that could be responsible for the genetic variability in this species

Epicoccum nigrum P16, a Sugarcane Endophyte, Produces Antifungal Compounds and Induces Root Growth

Background: Sugarcane is one of the most important crops in Brazil, mainly because of its use in biofuel production. Recent studies have sought to determine the role of sugarcane endophytic microbial diversity in microorganism-plant interactions, and their biotechnological potential. Epicoccum nigrum is an important sugarcane endophytic fungus that has been associated with the biological control of phytopathogens, and the production of secondary metabolites. In spite of several studies carried out to define the better conditions to use E. nigrum in different crops, little is known about the establishment of an endophytic interaction, and its potential effects on plant physiology. Methodology/Principal Findings: We report an approach based on inoculation followed by re-isolation, molecular monitoring, microscopic analysis, plant growth responses to fungal colonization, and antimicrobial activity tests to study the basic aspects of the E. nigrum endophytic interaction with sugarcane, and the effects of colonization on plant physiology. The results indicate that E. nigrum was capable of increasing the root system biomass and producing compounds that inhibit the in vitro growth of sugarcane pathogens Fusarium verticillioides, Colletotrichum falcatum, Ceratocystis paradoxa, and Xanthomomas albilineans. In addition, E. nigrum preferentially colonizes the sugarcane surface and, occasionally, the endophytic environment. Conclusions/Significance: Our work demonstrates that E. nigrum has great potential for sugarcane crop application because it is capable of increasing the root system biomass and controlling pathogens. The study of the basic aspects of the interaction of E. nigrum with sugarcane demonstrated the facultative endophytism of E. nigrum and its preference for the phylloplane environment, which should be considered in future studies of biocontrol using this species. In addition, this work contributes to the knowledge of the interaction of this ubiquitous endophyte with the host plant, and also to a better use of microbial endophytes in agriculture.State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)FAPESP (State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation) [02/14143-3, 10/08286-2]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq

Genetic diversity and biotecnological potential of endophytic fungi from mangroves at São Paulo State

Manguezais são ecossistemas localizados na confluência de terra e mar, característicos de áreas tropicais e subtropicais, cobrindo cerca de 18,1 milhões de hectares do planeta. A grande biodiversidade encontrada nestes ambientes ressalta a importância da busca por conhecimentos à seu respeito, como o estudo sobre novos princípios ativos derivados de microrganismos endofíticos presentes nas plantas de manguezais. Desta forma, o propósito do presente trabalho foi determinar a diversidade genética da comunidade de fungos endofíticos presentes em folhas e ramos das principais espécies arbóreas de manguezais de Cananéia e Bertioga (situados no estado de São Paulo, Brasil), e avaliar o potencial biotecnológico destes fungos em relação à produção de antibióticos contra os patógenos humanos Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli, e contra o fitopatógeno Xanthomonas axonopodis citri . Os resultados da primeira etapa do trabalho, que envolveu o isolamento e a caracterização de fungos endofíticos filamentosos, mostraram que a comunidade fúngica associada às plantas de manguezais é formada por pelo menos 35 gêneros diferentes, sendo que os gêneros mais frequentes foram Diaporthe, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Colletotrichum e Xylaria. Grande parte dos gêneros encontrados neste trabalho é de fungos de solo, indicando que eles estão adaptados às condições adversas dos manguezais. Os resultados mostraram que, dentre as linhagens produtoras de antibiótico, 29,41% pertencem ao gênero Diaporthe, o qual apresentou maior frequência na comunidade fúngica estudada. Após a avaliação de 344 fungos quanto ao potencial de atividade antimicrobiana, foi selecionada a linhagem 41.1(1) de D. phaseolorum, um endófito de folha de Laguncularia racemosa, para elucidação da estrutura química do seu antibiótico purificado. Por meio das técnicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear e de Espectrometria de Massas o antibiótico foi identificado como ácido 3-hidroxipropiônico o qual apresentou atividade frente aos patógenos humanos Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella tiphy. A estrutura química deste antibiótico foi modificada por meio de reação química de esterificação de Fischer-Speier para avaliar a relação da estrutura química e atividade biológica deste composto. O produto final da reação química de esterificação do antibiótico ácido 3-hidroxipropiônico não apresentou atividade antimicrobiana, indicando que o grupo hidroxila removido na reação é importante na atividade farmacológica desse composto. Além disso, a linhagem 41.1(1) de D. phaseolorum foi transformada geneticamente pelo sistema Agrobacterium tumefaciens, visando a obtenção de transformantes deficientes para produção de antibiótico e, com isso, a identificação de genes relacionados com a via de biossíntese do antibiótico ácido 3-hidroxipropiônico. A análise das sequências que flanqueiam o T-DNA, obtidas por TAIL-PCR, mostraram que os genes interrompidos nos transformantes estão relacionados com proteínas de domínios conservados envolvidos com diferentes funções como: translação de proteínas, homeostase do íon orgânico Mg2+, transporte intracelular, migração, adesão e proliferação celular e outras funções celulares. A caracterização da biblioteca de agrotransformantes constitui uma ferramenta importante para o estudo da biologia molecular de fungos que produzem compostos bioativos por meio do seu metabolismo secundário.Mangroves are ecosystems situated beyond land and sea. They are more frequently found in tropical and subtropical areas englobing around 18.1 millions of hectares in the planet. The great biodiversity found in these ecosystems shows the importance of researching them, including studies regarding new compounds derived from endophytic fungi that inhabit these ecosystems. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of the fungal endophytic community found in leaves and branches of the main arboreal species from mangrove of Cananéia and Bertioga (situated in São Paulo state, Brazil), and to evaluate the biotechnological potential of these fungi concerning the production of antibiotics against the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and against the phytopathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis citri . The results of the first part of this work, including the isolation and characterization of the filamentous endophytic fungi, showed that the mangrove fungal community is made up of at least 35 different genera, from which the most frequent are Diaporthe, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Colletotrichum and Xylaria. Most of the fungal genera found in this study come from soil, which suggests that they are adapted to the adverse conditions of mangroves. The results show that among the antibiotic-produncing strains, 29.41% belong to the genus Diaporthe, which was the most frequently found in the studied fungal community. After the analysis of 344 fungi regarding the antibiotic activity potential, a strain of D. phaseolorum (a leaf endophyte of Laguncularia racemosa) was selected to unveil the chemical structure of their purified antibiotic. The nuclear magnetic resonance and the mass spectrometry techniques allowed the identification of the antibiotic as 3-hidroxypropionic acid, which displayed activity against the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella tiphy. The chemical structure of this antibiotic was modifyed by the chemical reaction of Fischer-Speier sterification in order to evaluate the chemical structure and biological activity of this compound. The final product of the chemical reaction of 3-hidroxipropionic acid sterification had no antibiotic activity, which suggests that the hydroxil group removed from the reaction is important to the pharmachological activity of this compound. Additionally, the strain 41.1(1) of D. phaseolorum was genetically transformed by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens system, in order to generate antibioticdeficient transformants, which would help to identify genes related to the biosynthesis pathway of the 3- hidroxypropionic acid antibiotic. The TAIL-PCR analysis revealed that the interrupted genes in the tranformants are related to proteins from conserved domains involved in different functions such as protein translation, Mg2+ ion homeostasis, intracellular transport, migration, adhesion and cellular proliferation and other cellular functions. The characterization of the agrotransformants library is an important tool to unveiling the molecular biology of fungi that produce bioactive compounds by the secondary metabolism

<i>E. nigrum</i> conidia germination on sugarcane leaf fragments analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy.

<p>Scanning electronic microscopy analysis of the conidia germination of the <i>E. nigrum</i> P16 endophytic strain on sugarcane leaf fragments. (a–b) After 12 hours of incubation in wet chamber it was possible to visualize the conidia germination and hyphae next to the stomata (1000X and 2000X, respectively). (c) After 40 hours of incubation it was possible to visualize hyphal ramification and random surface colonization (1000X). (d) After 64 hours, the leaf surface was completely covered with <i>E. nigrum</i> hyphae (1000X).</p

<i>E. nigrum</i> and sugarcane-associated fungi re-isolation from the root environment of sugarcane grown in greenhouse.

<p><i>E. nigrum</i> and sugarcane-associated fungi were re-isolated 20 and 60 days after inoculation of the P16 endophytic strain in the roots of sugarcane plants. The <i>E. nigrum</i> isolation frequency was compared with the total isolation frequency of sugarcane-associated fungi. Control 1 indicates non-inoculated roots, while Control 2 indicates roots inoculated only with sterilized wheat seeds. Isolation frequency of the endophytic fungi from roots (a) is shown in CFU per root fragment. Isolation frequency of the rhizosphere fungi (b) is shown in CFU per gram of substrate. The data were transformed with √× + 0.5 (a) and Log (× + 2) (b) and submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test. Means followed by the same letter indicate that they were not statistically different (Tukey’s test, <i>P>5%</i>).</p

<i>In vitro</i> antagonism of the <i>E. nigrum</i> P16 endophytic strain against sugarcane phytopathogens.

<p>Antagonism test between <i>E. nigrum</i> P16 and <i>F. verticillioides</i> (a–b). An inhibition zone (dark arrow) formed among the colonies can be observed (b), in comparison with the control plate with only <i>F. verticillioides</i> (a). The inhibitory activity against <i>X. albilineans</i> was observed by the agar block method (c–d) and by the method of diffusion in semi-solid agar (e). The <i>E. nigrum</i> P16 ethyl acetate extract also inhibited <i>X. albilineans</i> growth (f–h). DMSO was used as control treatment (g). Spectinomycin (50 mg.mL⁻¹) was used as positive control (h).</p

<i>E. nigrum</i> and sugarcane-associated fungi re-isolation from the phylloplane of sugarcane grown in greenhouse.

<p><i>E. </i><i>nigrum</i> and sugarcane-associated fungi were re-isolated 20 and 60 days after inoculation of the P16 endophytic strain on leaves of sugarcane plants. The <i>E. nigrum</i> isolation frequency was compared with the total isolation frequency of sugarcane-associated fungi. Isolation frequency of the endophytic fungi from leaves (a) and sheaths (b) is shown in CFU per leaf/sheath fragment. Isolation frequency of epiphytic fungi (c) is shown in CFU per cm² and includes abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaf fragments. All the data were transformed with √ x + 0.5 and submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test. Means followed by the same letter indicate that they were not statistically different (Tukey’s test, <i>P>5%</i>). Control indicates the non-inoculated plants, while P16 indicates plants inoculated with the <i>E. nigrum</i> P16 strain.</p

Antagonism test of the sugarcane endophytic <i>E. nigrum</i> P16 strain against the sugarcane phytopathogens <i>C. paradoxa</i> and <i>F. verticillioides.</i>

<p>Data were submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test. Means followed by the same letter indicate that they were not statistically different (Tukey’s test, <i>P>5%</i>, means from 3 replicates).</p

Genetic variability and vegetative compatibility of Erythricium salmonicolor isolates

The Pink Disease is caused by Erythricium salmonicolor, which attacks broad hosts, such as citrus, coffee, rubber, Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia spp., infecting mainly branches. This disease became a serious problem in Brazil, reducing the citrus production up to 10%. However the genetic diversity and compatibility of the fungus E. salmonicolor from Brazilian citrus plants is not yet evaluated. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate: i) the genetic variability of E. salmonicolor in the São Paulo and Minas Gerais States by the RAPD technique, and ii) the vegetative compatibility between these isolates. After RAPD analysis, six distinct groups were observed without correlation between the isolation site or host species. In the vegetative compatibility test, the contact of fungal hyphae between all evaluated crosses was observed, of which 84% presented hyphal fusion. Although the compatibility between strains was observed, no correlation between RAPD haplotypes and hyphal anastomosis was verified. These results show the importance of future studies on the sexual cycle of E. salmonicolor, since hyphal fusion, which precedes the formation of heterokaryons (sexual and parasexual reproduction) that could be responsible for the genetic variability in this species