Variabilité des précipitations au sahel Central et Recherche du forcage climatique par analyse du signal : la station de Maïne-Soroa (SE Niger) entre 1950 et 2005. Rainfall variability in the Central Sahel and climate forcing by signal analysis: Maïné-Soroa station (SE Niger) over the period 1950-2005

International audienceUne régression polynomiale non-paramétrique (méthode LOESS) appliquée aux précipitations annuelles de Maïné-Soroa (SE Niger) montre trois périodes : humide (1950-1967), aride (1968-1993), semi-aride (1994-2005). L'utilisation de la transformée en ondelettes continues permet de séparer la variabilité interne (haute fréquence) et la variabilité forcée (basse fréquence). Nous avons pu mettre en évidence sept modes de fréquence localisés dans le temps : deux modes intra-saisonniers (4-9jrs, 16-20jrs), deux modes saisonniers (6 mois, 1an), deux modes pluriannuels (2-4ans et 5-8ans) et un mode quasi-décennal (12-18ans). Lors du régime humide, on retrouve une forte variance des modes saisonniers liés à la ZCIT et des modes pluriannuels se succédant dans le temps (5-8ans puis 2-4ans) en liaison avec les températures de l'Atlantique Tropical Nord (TNA) puis avec l'Anticyclone des Açores. Ces modes basses fréquences sont synchrones avec une activité convective mature (mode 4-9jrs) et l'apparition d'une perturbation (mode 16-20jrs) lors de la transition entre la phase océanique et la phase continentale de la mousson. Au contraire, lors des années arides on retrouve le mode quasi-décennal, en lien avec les températures de l'Atlantique Tropical Sud (TSA), forçant une activité convective peu développée et perturbée au coeur de la phase continentale. A non-parametric polynomial regression applied to the Maine-Soroa annual rainfall timeseries reveals three periods: wet (1950-1967), arid (1968-1993) and semi-arid (1994-2005). Continuous Wavelet Transform allows crossing internal variability (high frequency) and forcing variability (low frequency). We could reveal seven frequency modes highly localized in time: two intraseasonal modes (4-9 days, 16-20 days), two seasonal modes (6mo, 1yr), two interannuals modes (2- 4yrs, 5-8yrs) and one quasidecadal mode (12-18yrs). During wet period, we notice a strong variance across seasonal modes in relation to ITCZ and the two interannual modes succeeding in time (5-8yrs then 2-4yrs) in connection with the Tropical North Atlantic temperatures (TNA) then Azores high. At the same time, we notice great convective activity (4-9days) and the oceanic/continental transition phase disturbation (16-20days). During the arid period, we notice the quasidecadal mode in relation with the Tropical South Atlantic temperatures (TSA), forcing a weak convective activity and disturbed in the medium of the continental phase

Motivic Serre invariants, ramification, and the analytic Milnor fiber

We show how formal and rigid geometry can be used in the theory of complex singularities, and in particular in the study of the Milnor fibration and the motivic zeta function. We introduce the so-called analytic Milnor fiber associated to the germ of a morphism f from a smooth complex algebraic variety X to the affine line. This analytic Milnor fiber is a smooth rigid variety over the field of Laurent series C((t)). Its etale cohomology coincides with the singular cohomology of the classical topological Milnor fiber of f; the monodromy transformation is given by the Galois action. Moreover, the points on the analytic Milnor fiber are closely related to the motivic zeta function of f, and the arc space of X. We show how the motivic zeta function can be recovered as some kind of Weil zeta function of the formal completion of X along the special fiber of f, and we establish a corresponding Grothendieck trace formula, which relates, in particular, the rational points on the analytic Milnor fiber over finite extensions of C((t)), to the Galois action on its etale cohomology. The general observation is that the arithmetic properties of the analytic Milnor fiber reflect the structure of the singularity of the germ f.Comment: Some minor errors corrected. The original publication is available at http://www.springerlink.co

Singular Support of a Vertex Algebra and the Arc Space of Its Associated Scheme

Book Subtitle: In Honour of the 75th Birthday of Tony JosephSeries Title: Progress in Mathematics (vol. 330)Attached to a vertex algebra V are two geometric objects. The associated scheme of V isthespectrum of Zhu's Poisson algebra Rv.Thesingular support of V is the spectrum of the associated graded algebra gr(V) with respect to Li's canonical decreasing filtration. There is a closed embedding from the singular support to the arc space of the associated scheme, which is an isomorphism in many interesting cases. In this note we give an example of a non-quasi-lisse vertex algebra whose associated scheme is reduced, for which the isomorphism is not true as schemes but true as varieties

Combined epicardial and endocardial ablation for atrial fibrillation:Best practices and guide to hybrid convergent procedures

The absence of strategies to consistently and effectively address nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation by nonpharmacological interventions has represented a long-standing treatment gap. A combined epicardial/endocardial ablation strategy, the hybrid Convergent procedure, was developed in response to this clinical need. A subxiphoid incision is used to access the pericardial space facilitating an epicardial ablation directed at isolation of the posterior wall of the left atrium. This is followed by an endocardial ablation to complete isolation of the pulmonary veins and for additional ablation as needed. Experience gained with the hybrid Convergent procedure during the last decade has led to the development and adoption of strategies to optimize the technique and mitigate risks. Additionally, a surgical and electrophysiology "team" approach including comprehensive training is believed critical to successfully develop the hybrid Convergent program. A recently completed randomized clinical trial indicated that this ablation strategy is superior to an endocardial-only approach for patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. In this review, we propose and describe best practice guidelines for hybrid Convergent ablation on the basis of a combination of published data, author consensus, and expert opinion. A summary of clinical outcomes, emerging evidence, and future perspectives is also given