Effets toxicologiques et méthodes d’analyse de la lambda-cyhalothrine et de l’acétamipride utilisés dans la protection phytosanitaire du cotonnier au Bénin

Les insecticides occupent une place de choix dans l’itinéraire technique du cotonnier au bénin. Parmi ceux recommandés pour le traitement phytosanitaire de cette culture, la lambda-cyhalothrine et l’acétamipride sont les matières actives les plus utilisées pour lutter contre les ravageurs et améliorer la productivité. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer, à partir des travaux déjà effectués, une synthèse sur les effets toxicologiques des matières actives ainsi que leurs méthodes de dosage dans les différentes matrices. La méthodologie adoptée a été de collecter des informations dans la littérature sur ces molécules. Les résultats montrent que la lambdacyhalothrine provoque des effets indésirables chez l’homme tels que la diarrhée, la nausée etc., tandis-que l’acétamipride provoque des effets neurotoxiques. De plus, les méthodes ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay) et GC-MS (Chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse) sont souvent les méthodes analytiques de dosage pour la détermination de la lambda-cyhalothrine dans toutes les matrices tandis que ELISA et HPLC/MS (Chromatographie Liquide à Haute Performance couplée à la Spectrométrie de masse) sont celles utilisées pour la détermination de l’acétamipride. Les méthodes analytiques varient donc en fonction des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des molécules recherchées.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Lambda-cyhalothrine , acétamipride , ELISA , GC-MS , HPLC/MSEnglish AbstractInsecticides occupy a prominent place in the technical route of the cotton in Benin. Among those recommended for the phytosanitary treatment of this culture, lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid are the most active ingredients to fight against pests and improve productivity. This study aimed at assessing, from work already carried out, a synthesis on toxicological effects of the active ingredients and their assay methods in different matrices. The adopted methodology was to collect information in the literature on these molecules. The results show that lambda-cyhalothrin causes undesirable effects in humans such as diarrhea, nausea, etc., whereas acetamiprid causes neurotoxic effects. In addition, the methods ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno- Sorbent Assay) and GC-MS (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) are often analytical assays for the determination of lambda-cyhalothrin in all matrices, while ELISA and HPLC/MS (Liquid Chromatography High Performance coupled with mass spectrometry) are those used for the determination of acetamiprid. Analytical methods therefore vary depending on the physicochemical characteristics of the desired molecules.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Lambda-cyhalothrine, acétamipride, ELISA, GC-MS, HPLC/M

Effet du régime alimentaire sur la composition du ver de terre Eudrilus eugeniae

peer reviewedThe earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae is a well-known source of protein in animal feeding but there is lack of information on its fatty acid profile. This study aimed to determine its nutrient components and fatty acid profile. Earthworms were bred in substrate containing organic matter; peanut powder was added in the experimental group diet. The nutrient components (protein, ash, and minerals) of the adult worms were determined according to the Kjeldahl method and by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. The dry-matter protein content significantly increased in worms fed peanut powder (p < 0.05) as did the minerals measured. The main fatty acid families had similar proportions in the groups. In the saturated fatty acids, C12:0 and C18:0 were present in higher proportions in both groups, whereas in monounsaturated fatty acids, C18:1ω9 prevailed. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed between the two groups. An increase in the proportion of ω6 and ω3 was observed in the experimental group compared to the control. This study showed that peanut powder significantly influenced nutrient components of E. eugeniae. The fatty acid profile of this species was similar to that of most animals. Earthworms’ diet can be altered to improve the nutritional value of E. eugeniae

Use of collective expertise as a tool to reinforce food safety management in Africa

The Erasmus+ project (2017-2020) entitled Societal Challenges and Governance of African Universities: the case of ALIments in Morocco, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Senegal (DAfrAli) seeks to strengthen the governance capacity of African Higher Education Institutions to mobilize their resources in order to respond to major societal challenges in relation to external stakeholders. A work package consisted of organizing three workshops to use Collective Expertise as a tool for the identification of societal risks, in the area of food safety. These three workshops were conducted in Morocco, in Senegal and in Democratic Republic of Congo. The exercise was performed by country academics with the contribution of the European project partners. Collective Expertise gave results that demonstrated that, with a careful and diversified selection of experts, this methodology can have a deep importance to list the food hazards in a country. The results obtained can induce changes in university curricula, showed the social impacts of food safety, unveiled research needs and training needs for different agents in the food sector and above all the impact in food policy in a country. The collective expertise approach of the determination of hazards also permitted to discuss possible organization models for food risk management in the 3 countries

In vitro evaluation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor transactivity induced by human intestinal metabolites

The gastrointestinal tract is directly exposed to the environment and constitutes one of the first lines of defense against harmful antigens in the diet or the microbiota. Highly expressed in intestinal cells, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a crucial role in gut mucosal integrity and in intestinal immune function. Substances derived from food and the microbiota in the intestinal lumen can induce AhR transcriptional activity and thus maintain intestinal barrier homeostasis. We suggested the combination of a simulator of the human gut microbial ecosystem (SHIME) with cell based AhR transactivity bioassays. Thereby, the effects of human gut microbiota metabolism on the AhR signaling pathways could be evaluated. Three AhR reporter gene cell lines (T47D, HepG2, HT29) from human mammary, hepatic, and intestinal tissues, respectively, were used to test mixtures of microbiota-derived metabolites that were generated in a 3-days experiment on a SHIME system. The SHIME samples induced an AhR agonist activation in the different cell lines, with slightly tissue-dependent effects. Microbiota produced metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and tryptophan catabolites were quantified chromatographically in the SHIME samples, and they might be causing the AhR agonist activity of the mixture. However, more detailed investigations are needed to identify the contribution of individual metabolites to AhR activation. This is an innovative suggestion to study in vitro the AhR modulation caused by the human intestinal metabolism.GutTransit Projec