Speciation and phylogeography in the cosmopolitan marine moon jelly, Aurelia sp.

Background: The cosmopolitan moon jelly Aurelia is characterized by high degrees of morphological and ecological plasticity, and subsequently by an unclear taxonomic status. The latter has been revised repeatedly over the last century, dividing the genus Aurelia in as many as 12 or as little as two species. We used molecular data and phenotypic traits to unravel speciation processes and phylogeographic patterns in Aurelia. Results: Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data (16S and ITS-1/5.8S rDNA) from 66 world-wide sampled specimens reveal star-like tree topologies, unambiguously differentiating 7 (mtDNA) and 8 (ncDNA) genetic entities with sequence divergences ranging from 7.8 to 14% (mtDNA) and 5 to 32% (ncDNA), respectively. Phylogenetic patterns strongly suggest historic speciation events and the reconstruction of at least 7 different species within Aurelia. Both genetic divergences and life history traits showed associations to environmental factors, suggesting ecological differentiation forced by divergent selection. Hybridization and introgression between Aurelia lineages likely occurred due to secondary contacts, which, however, did not disrupt the unambiguousness of genetic separation. Conclusions: Our findings recommend Aurelia as a model system for using the combined power of organismic, ecological, and molecular data to unravel speciation processes in cosmopolitan marine organisms. © 2002 Schroth et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. Verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in any medium for any non-commercial purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/2/

Phylogeographie, Artbildung und Biomarker zum Umweltmonitoring bei der Ohrenqualle Aurelia sp. : organismische und molekulargenetische Untersuchungen

Die Medusen der metagenetischen Cnidarier (Nesseltiere) werden je nach Kultur- und Sprachraum z. B. mit einer weiblichen Gestalt mit schlangenartigen Haaren (Medusa), mit stark brennenden Quaddeln auf der Haut oder mit Stränden verklebenden Gallertmassen in Verbindung gebracht. Diese Assoziationen fußen hauptsächlich auf Merkmalen der Scheibenquallen (Scyphozoa), deren bisexuelle Medusen in Größe, Tentakellängen, Nematocytenbesatz und Mesogloeagehalt gegenüber der relativ unauffälligen ungeschlechtlichen Polypengeneration beeindrucken. Häufig ist die Medusengeneration der Scheibenquallen namensgebend. Die Medusen der Ohrenqualle Aurelia aurita (Fahnenquallen, Semaeostomeae) sind an den durchscheinenden, ohrenförmig um den Gastralraum angeordneten Gonaden erkennbar. In gemäßigten Klimazonen ist die bisexuelle Vermehrung - und das anschließende oft massenhafte Absterben in Küstennähe - auf den Sommer beschränkt (Lucas 1996), so daß die Medusen der Ohrenqualle häufige spätsommerliche Gäste an Stränden z. B. der Nord- und Ostsee (mit für den Menschen harmloser Nesselwirkung) sind. Vertreter der von Linné (1758) und Lamarck (1816) typologisierten Aurelia aurita sind weltweit verbreitet und bezüglich der Morphologie, Physiologie, Ethologie und Ökologie gut untersucht (z. B. Fautin & Lowenstein 1992; Costello & Colin 1994; Hammer et al. 1994; Lucas 1994). Unter ökologischen Gesichtspunkten ist das breite Spektrum der Ohrenqualle bezüglich abiotischer Umweltfaktoren hervorzuheben. Die häufig massenhaften Medusenaggregationen und der daraus resultierende Predationsdruck gegenüber dem Mikrozooplankton (Copepoden, Invertebratenund Fischlarven) weist der Ohrenqualle eine wichtige - und gelegentlich dominierende - Stellung in marinen Plankton-Lebensgemeinschaften zu (Janas & Witek 1993; Schneider & Behrends 1994; Sullivan et al. 1994; Tsikhon-Lukanina et al. 1996). Die breite Anpassungsfähigkeit und hohe Vermehrungsrate wird anekdotenhaft durch eine kürzlich erfolgte Meldung bekräftigt, nach der offensichtlich Aurelia-Schwärme die Kühlwasserleitungen eines Kraftwerks in Australien verstopften und lahmlegten (Cnidaria-List-Server). Das ubiquitäre Vorkommen läßt sich auf eine große ökologische Toleranz gegenüber Klima und Salzgehalt zurückführen, so daß die Ohrenqualle als Bewohner aller Meere von 40° südlicher bis 70° nördlicher Breite und Habitaten mit Salinitäten von 6-41‰ gilt (Kramp 1961). Dabei werden geographische Populationen, Unterarten und Arten der Gattung Aurelia anhand morphologischer Medusenmerkmale sowie auf Basis von Allozymunterschieden in unterschiedlicher Konsequenz teilweise in eine Art, Aurelia aurita zusammengefaßt, oder in mehrere distinkte Spezies voneinander abgegrenzt (Mayer 1910; Kramp 1961; Russell 1970; Kozloff 1987; Greenberg et al. 1996). Der nicht konsistente taxonomische Status der Ohrenqualle beruht entweder auf phylogenetisch uninformativen diagnostischen Merkmalen oder spiegelt Differenzierungen wider, die mit Artbildungsprozessen erklärt werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen die phylogenetischen Beziehungen zwischen Aurelia-Populationen auf einer weltweiten geographischen Skala unter organismischen und molekularen Aspekten untersucht werden. Die möglichen Speziationsprozesse orientieren sich an den von Avise (2000) klassifizierten beiden Kategorien, nach denen die gängigen Spezieskonzepte auf Basis phylogenetischer und biologischer Kriterien, oder analog von Ridley (1996) nach evolutionären und zeitlich unabhängigen Kriterien eingeteilt werden. Die DNA-Sequenzinformationen eines mitochondrialen Gens (16S rDNA) sowie eines auf dem Kerngenom liegenden ribosomalen Locus (ITS-1/5.8S rDNA) sollen verwendet werden, um die genealogischen Beziehungen verschiedener Aurelia- Populationen sowohl phylogeographisch (Avise 1994) als auch bezüglich der phylogenetischen Artkonzepte zu untersuchen (Eldredge & Cracraft 1980; Wiley 1981; Cracraft 1989; Übersicht in Hull 1997). Mittels morphologischer Merkmale, Lebenszyklusdaten und den molekulargenetischen Daten soll gleichzeitig geprüft werden, ob sich die von Avise (2000) genannte Kategorie der biologisch definierten Spezieskonzepte in phänetisch (Sneath & Sokal 1973; Whittemore 1993), ökologisch (van Valen 1976; Schluter 1996) oder reproduktiv (Mayr 1963) getrennte Einheiten bei der Ohrenqualle widerspiegeln. Der Beitrag verschiedener Diversifizierungsfaktoren wie geographische Verbreitung, Selektion und genetische Drift wird in diesem Zusammenhang unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ökologischer Aspekte in Kapitel 2 dargestellt. Nicht zuletzt auch aufgrund ihrer besonderen ökologischen Plastizität empfiehlt sich die Ohrenqualle zur Nutzung als Biomonitor zur Untersuchung von Umweltbeeinträchtigungen auf Individuumebene. Eine in diesem Zusammenhang nützliche Besonderheit im Lebenszyklus von Aurelia betrifft den Übergang von der sich ungeschlechtlich vermehrenden Polypengeneration in die bisexuelle Medusengeneration, bei dem an der Oralseite des Polypen Medusenlarven (Ephyren) in Form einer polydisken Strobilation abgeschieden werden. Die Strobilation wird extrinsisch durch natürliche Faktoren ausgelöst und kann bei den Polypen der Ohrenqualle künstlich durch Temperaturabsenkung oder Erhöhung der Iod-Ionenkonzentration induziert werden (Spangenberg 1967). Dieses experimentell beeinflußbare Lebenszyklusstadium wurde im Rahmen von ökotoxikologischen Studien verwendet, um den Einfluß von Chemikalien auf die verzögerte Strobilation nach künstlicher Auslösung oder die Störung des Strobilationsverlaufs zu testen (Spangenberg 1984; Thiel & Jarms 1986). Black & Bloom (1984) untersuchten die Beziehung zwischen der Strobilationsinduktion und der Produktion von Hitzeschockproteinen (HSP) nach Temperaturerhöhung und konnten die Induzierbarkeit von Hitzeschockproteinen als Reaktion auf Temperaturstreß immunologisch nachweisen. Diese Studien zeigen, daß die Ohrenqualle ein hohes Reaktionspotential gegenüber variablen Umweltbedingungen besitzt. Die Charakterisierung dieses Reaktionspotentials soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit mittels der Analyse organismischer Reaktionen gegenüber anthropogen verursachten Streßfaktoren durchgeführt werden. Im Rahmen von experimentellen Schadstoff- expositionen sollen an Aurelia-Polypen genetische Reaktionen auf der Ebene der mRNATranskription untersucht werden. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Etablierung von Biomarkern (van Gestel & van Brummelen 1996) mittels molekulargenetischer Methoden, wobei die Durchführbarkeit und Effektivität verschiedener Methodenansätze verglichen werden sollen. Die identifizierten Biomarker sollen im Hinblick auf die Analyse der Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen zwischen Schadstoffkonzentrationen und dem Ausmaß der genetischen Reaktion mittels quantitativer PCR-Verfahren näher charakterisiert werden. Ein anschließender Test der im Labor charakterisierten Biomarker auf die Anwendbarkeit im Freiland soll entsprechende Hinweise für die Sensitivität und Durchführbarkeit des in Kapitel 3 ausgeführten Biomarker-Assays liefern. Ein weiteres Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Verknüpfung verschiedener biologischer Organisationsebenen im Kontext ökologischer und ökotoxikologischer Forschung (Clements 2000). Erkenntnisse zum Wirken von Umwelteinflüssen auf molekularer Ebene bieten sich als Basis einer Bewertung individueller Reaktionen für Veränderungen auf Populationsebene an. Dieser Zusammenhang wird in Kapitel 4 anhand der Relevanz von Biomarkern für Aussagen auf Populationsund Speziesebene besprochen

Speciation and phylogeography in the cosmopolitan marine moon jelly, Aurelia sp

BACKGROUND: The cosmopolitan moon jelly Aurelia is characterized by high degrees of morphological and ecological plasticity, and subsequently by an unclear taxonomic status. The latter has been revised repeatedly over the last century, dividing the genus Aurelia in as many as 12 or as little as two species. We used molecular data and phenotypic traits to unravel speciation processes and phylogeographic patterns in Aurelia. RESULTS: Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data (16S and ITS-1/5.8S rDNA) from 66 world-wide sampled specimens reveal star-like tree topologies, unambiguously differentiating 7 (mtDNA) and 8 (ncDNA) genetic entities with sequence divergences ranging from 7.8 to 14% (mtDNA) and 5 to 32% (ncDNA), respectively. Phylogenetic patterns strongly suggest historic speciation events and the reconstruction of at least 7 different species within Aurelia. Both genetic divergences and life history traits showed associations to environmental factors, suggesting ecological differentiation forced by divergent selection. Hybridization and introgression between Aurelia lineages likely occurred due to secondary contacts, which, however, did not disrupt the unambiguousness of genetic separation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings recommend Aurelia as a model system for using the combined power of organismic, ecological, and molecular data to unravel speciation processes in cosmopolitan marine organisms

Modulation of BOLD and Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL-CBF) Response in Patients with Transient Visual Impairment after Posterior Circulation Stroke*

Background and Purpose:: Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal and arterial spin labeling cerebral blood flow (ASL-CBF) changes, as detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are closely related to neural activity. The aim of this case series study was to investigate modulations of the BOLD and ASL-CBF response in the primary visual cortex after posterior circulation stroke with transient visual impairment. Methods:: BOLD activity, resting CBF and task-related ASL-CBF response have been investigated 24-48 h after onset of transient visual symptoms in two patients who were treated conservatively, two patients who received thrombolysis after posterior circulation stroke, and five healthy controls with checkerboard stimulation and visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Results:: After normalization of transient visual symptoms the BOLD response and VEPs showed no hemispheric differences between patients and controls. The relative blood flow in the posterior cerebral arteries and the relative ASL-CBF response to checkerboard stimulation were reduced in three patients, compared to controls. In one patient who received intraarterial thrombolytic therapy, improvement of the relative CBF and ASL-CBF responses was observed, indicating early reperfusion. Conclusion:: In this case series of four patients, different CBF responses to conservative and thrombolytic therapy were observed, and early reperfusion after intraarterial thrombolysis was detected. Functional imaging, which makes use of the ASL-CBF technique, is feasible to measure early poststroke vascular changes, which are hardly detectable with BOLD-fMR

Obesity alters endoxifen plasma levels in young breast cancer patients: A pharmacometric simulation approach

Endoxifen is one of the most important metabolites of the prodrug tamoxifen. High interindividual variability in endoxifen steady‐state concentrations (CSS,min ENDX) is observed under tamoxifen standard dosing and patients with breast cancer who do not reach endoxifen concentrations above a proposed therapeutic threshold of 5.97 ng/mL may be at a 26% higher recurrence risk compared with patients with endoxifen concentrations exceeding this value. In this investigation, 10 clinical tamoxifen studies were pooled (1,388 patients) to investigate influential factors on CSS,min ENDX using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling. Age and body weight were found to significantly impact CSS,min ENDX in addition to CYP2D6 phenotype. Compared with postmenopausal patients, premenopausal patients had a 30% higher risk for subtarget CSS,min ENDX at tamoxifen 20 mg per day. In treatment simulations for distinct patient subpopulations, young overweight patients had a 3.1–13.8‐fold higher risk for subtarget CSS,min ENDX compared with elderly low‐weight patients. Considering ever‐rising obesity rates and the clinical importance of tamoxifen for premenopausal patients, this subpopulation may benefit most from individualized tamoxifen dosing

Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Model of Z-Endoxifen Concentrations in Tamoxifen-Treated Patients from the CEPAM Cohort

Tamoxifen is widely used in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The polymorphic enzyme CYP2D6 is primarily responsible for metabolic activation of tamoxifen, resulting in substantial interindividual variability of plasma concentrations of its most important metabolite, Z-endoxifen. The Z-endoxifen concentration thresholds below which tamoxifen treatment is less efficacious have been proposed but not validated, and prospective trials of individualized tamoxifen treatment to achieve Z-endoxifen concentration thresholds are considered infeasible. Therefore, we aim to validate the association between Z-endoxifen concentration and tamoxifen treatment outcomes, and identify a Z-endoxifen concentration threshold of tamoxifen efficacy, using pharmacometric modeling and simulation. As a first step, the CYP2D6 Endoxifen Percentage Activity Model (CEPAM) cohort was created by pooling data from 28 clinical studies (&gt; 7,000 patients) with measured endoxifen plasma concentrations. After cleaning, data from 6,083 patients were used to develop a nonlinear mixed-effect (NLME) model for tamoxifen and Z-endoxifen pharmacokinetics that includes a conversion factor to allow inclusion of studies that measured total endoxifen but not Z-endoxifen. The final parent-metabolite NLME model confirmed the primary role of CYP2D6, and contributions from body weight, CYP2C9 phenotype, and co-medication with CYP2D6 inhibitors, on Z-endoxifen pharmacokinetics. Future work will use the model to simulate Z-endoxifen concentrations in patients receiving single agent tamoxifen treatment within large prospective clinical trials with long-term survival to identify the Z-endoxifen concentration threshold below which tamoxifen is less efficacious. Identification of this concentration threshold would allow personalized tamoxifen treatment to improve outcomes in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.</p

Highly variable response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from lung and breast

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can promote carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Only limited data on the response of CAFs to chemotherapy and their potential impact on therapy outcome are available. This study was undertaken to analyze the influence of chemotherapy on carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) <it>in vitro </it>and <it>in vivo</it>.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The <it>in vivo </it>response of stromal cells to chemotherapy was investigated in 22 neoadjuvant treated breast tumors on tissue sections before and after chemotherapy. Response to chemotherapy was analyzed <it>in vitro </it>in primary cultures of isolated CAFs from 28 human lung and 9 breast cancer tissues. The response was correlated to <it>Mdm2</it>, <it>ERCC1 </it>and <it>TP53 </it>polymorphisms and <it>TP53 </it>mutation status. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects were evaluated in an <it>ex vivo </it>experiment using cultured tissue slices from 16 lung and 17 breast cancer specimens.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Nine of 22 tumors showed a therapy-dependent reduction of stromal activity. Pathological response of tumor or stroma cells did not correlate with clinical response. Isolated CAFs showed little sensitivity to paclitaxel. In contrast, sensitivity of CAFs to cisplatinum was highly variable with a GI50 ranging from 2.8 to 29.0 μM which is comparable to the range observed in tumor cell lines. No somatic <it>TP53 </it>mutation was detected in any of the 28 CAFs from lung cancer tissue. In addition, response to cisplatinum was not significantly associated with the genotype of <it>TP53 </it>nor <it>Mdm2 </it>and <it>ERCC1 </it>polymorphisms. However, we observed a non-significant trend towards decreased sensitivity in the presence of <it>TP53 </it>variant genotype. In contrast to the results obtained in isolated cell culture, in tissue slice culture breast cancer CAFs responded to paclitaxel within their microenvironment in the majority of cases (9/14). The opposite was observed in lung cancer tissues: only few CAFs were sensitive to cisplatinum within their microenvironment (2/15) whereas a higher proportion responded to cisplatinum in isolated culture.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Similar to cancer cells, CAF response to chemotherapy is highly variable. Beside significant individual/intrinsic differences the sensitivity of CAFs seems to depend also on the cancer type as well as the microenvironment.</p

Impacts of increasing anthropogenic soluble iron and nitrogen deposition on ocean biogeochemistry

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23 (2009): GB3016, doi:10.1029/2008GB003440.We present results from transient sensitivity studies with the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling (BEC) ocean model to increasing anthropogenic atmospheric inorganic nitrogen (N) and soluble iron (Fe) deposition over the industrial era. Elevated N deposition results from fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, and elevated soluble Fe deposition results from increased atmospheric processing in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants and soluble Fe from combustion sources. Simulations with increasing Fe and increasing Fe and N inputs raised simulated marine nitrogen fixation, with the majority of the increase in the subtropical North and South Pacific, and raised primary production and export in the high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. Increasing N inputs alone elevated small phytoplankton and diatom production, resulting in increased phosphorus (P) and Fe limitation for diazotrophs, hence reducing nitrogen fixation (∼6%). Globally, the simulated primary production, sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) export. and atmospheric CO2 uptake were highest under combined increase in Fe and N inputs compared to preindustrial control. Our results suggest that increasing combustion iron sources and aerosol Fe solubility along with atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen deposition are perturbing marine biogeochemical cycling and could partially explain the observed trend toward increased P limitation at station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific. Excess inorganic nitrogen ([NO3 −] + [NH4 +] − 16[PO4 3−]) distributions may offer useful insights for understanding changing ocean circulation and biogeochemistry.This work was supported by funding from NSF grant OCE-0452972 to J. K. Moore and C. S. Zender. Computations were supported by the Earth System Modeling Facility at UCI (NSFATMO321380) and by the Climate Simulation Laboratory at National Center for Atmospheric Research. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation. N.M. would like to acknowledge the assistance of NSF– Carbon and Water (ATM-0628472), and N.M., S.D., and C.L. would like to acknowledge the assistance of NASA-IDS (NNX07AL80G)