Adaptation of the Chinese loans in speech of Russians

В статье рассматриваются особенности восприятия россиянами иноязычных слов (китаизмов). Целью исследования является выявление заимствований из китайского языка в русском языке и адаптации китаизмов в речи россиян.Основу методики лингвистического исследования составилметод лингвистического эксперимента (анкетирование).В результате проведенного лингвистического ассоциативного эксперимента была выявлена высокая степень адаптации исследуемыхединиц в речи. Результаты исследования позволяют сделать выводы о том, что большинство россиян активно используют в своем общении китаизмы, что говорит о практически полной адаптации заимствований из китайского языка, благодаря межкультурной коммуникации, обусловленной близостью географического положения и политической ситуацией. In article features of perception by Russians of speaking another language words (the Chinese loans) are considered. Objective of research is revealing loans from the Chinese language in Russian and adaptation китаизмов in speech of Russians. A basis of a procedure of linguistic research the method of linguistic experiment has made (questioning). As a result of the lead linguistic associative experiment the high degree of adaptation of investigated units in speech has been revealed. Results of research allow to draw conclusions that actively use the majority of Russians in the dialogue китаизмы that speaks about practically full adaptation of loans from the Chinese language, owing to the intercultural communications caused by proximity of a geographical position and a political situation

Regional heat-and-power engineering market development in a competitive environment

В статье рассмотрены проблемы теплоэнергетических рынков Украины, обоснована необходимость и актуальность реформирования в украинской теплоэнергетике действующих сегодня рыночных структур.The article deals with problems of the heat-and-power engineering markets of Ukraine are demonstrated the need and relevance of reforming of the Ukrainian heat-and-power engineering market structures

Threshold Password-Hardened Encryption Services

Password-hardened encryption (PHE) was introduced by Lai et al. at USENIX 2018 and immediately productized by VirgilSecurity. PHE is a password-based key derivation protocol that involves an oblivious external crypto service for key derivation. The security of PHE protects against offline brute-force attacks, even when the attacker is given the entire database. Furthermore, the crypto service neither learns the derived key nor the password. PHE supports key-rotation meaning that both the server and crypto service can update their keys without involving the user. While PHE significantly strengthens data security, it introduces a single point of failure because key-derivation always requires access to the crypto service. In this work, we address this issue and simultaneously increase security by introducing threshold password-hardened encryption. Our formalization of this primitive revealed shortcomings of the original PHE definition that we also address in this work. Following the spirit of prior works, we give a simple and efficient construction using lightweight tools only. We also implement our construction and evaluate its efficiency. Our experiments confirm the practical efficiency of our scheme and show that it is more efficient than common memory-hard functions, such as scrypt. From a practical perspective this means that threshold PHE can be used as an alternative to scrypt for password protection and key-derivation, offering better security in terms of offline brute force attacks

Foundations of Ring Sampling

A ring signature scheme allows the signer to sign on behalf of an ad hoc set of users, called a ring. The verifier can be convinced that a ring member signs, but cannot point to the exact signer. Ring signatures have become increasingly important today with their deployment in anonymous cryptocurrencies. Conventionally, it is implicitly assumed that all ring members are equally likely to be the signer. This assumption is generally false in reality, leading to various practical and devastating deanonymizing attacks in Monero, one of the largest anonymous cryptocurrencies. These attacks highlight the unsatisfactory situation that how a ring should be chosen is poorly understood. We propose an analytical model of ring samplers towards a deeper understanding of them through systematic studies. Our model helps to describe how anonymous a ring sampler is with respect to a given signer distribution as an information-theoretic measure. We show that this measure is robust, in the sense that it only varies slightly when the signer distribution varies slightly. We then analyze three natural samplers -- uniform, mimicking, and partitioning -- under our model with respect to a family of signer distributions modeled after empirical Bitcoin data. We hope that our work paves the way towards researching ring samplers from a theoretical point of view

Impact of high carbon amendments and pre-crops on soil bacterial communities

A 2-year outdoor mesocosm experiment was carried out to determine the effects of high C amendments (HCAs; wheat straw and sawdust) compared to a control with no addition of HCAs (no-HCA) and 2 different crop rotation systems (spring barley/winter barley and faba bean/winter barley) on soil bacterial communities using a molecular barcoding approach. Samples were analyzed after pre-crop harvest (T1) and harvest of winter barley (T2). Our data demonstrate a clear drop in bacterial diversity after winter barley harvest in the no-HCA and wheat straw treatment compared to the pre-crops. Sawdust application had a stabilizing effect on bacterial diversity compared to the pre-crops and induced an increase in carbon (C) stocks in soil which were however negatively correlated with yields. Main responders in the no-HCA and wheat straw treatment compared to the pre-crops were bacteria of the phyla Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes which were enriched and bacteria belonging to Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Proteobacteria, and Gemmatimonadaceae which were depleted. Overall differences between wheat straw-amended and no-HCA control samples were small and included single ASVs from various phyla. In sawdust-amended samples, only a shift of some Proteobacteria families was observed compared to the no-HCA control. Overall, pre-crop plant species had small influence on the observed response pattern of the soil microbiome towards the amendments and was only visible for wheat straw

Assessment and optimisation of normalisation methods for dual-colour antibody microarrays

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Recent advances in antibody microarray technology have made it possible to measure the expression of hundreds of proteins simultaneously in a competitive dual-colour approach similar to dual-colour gene expression microarrays. Thus, the established normalisation methods for gene expression microarrays, e.g. loess regression, can in principle be applied to protein microarrays. However, the typical assumptions of such normalisation methods might be violated due to a bias in the selection of the proteins to be measured. Due to high costs and limited availability of high quality antibodies, the current arrays usually focus on a high proportion of regulated targets. Housekeeping features could be used to circumvent this problem, but they are typically underrepresented on protein arrays. Therefore, it might be beneficial to select invariant features among the features already represented on available arrays for normalisation by a dedicated selection algorithm.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We compare the performance of several normalisation methods that have been established for dual-colour gene expression microarrays. The focus is on an invariant selection algorithm, for which effective improvements are proposed. In a simulation study the performances of the different normalisation methods are compared with respect to their impact on the ability to correctly detect differentially expressed features. Furthermore, we apply the different normalisation methods to a pancreatic cancer data set to assess the impact on the classification power.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The simulation study and the data application demonstrate the superior performance of the improved invariant selection algorithms in comparison to other normalisation methods, especially in situations where the assumptions of the usual global loess normalisation are violated.</p

Spinal-Supraspinal and Intrinsic m-Opioid Receptor Agonist-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (MOR-NRI) Synergy of Tapentadol in Diabetic Heat Hyperalgesia in Mice

ABSTRACT Tapentadol is a m-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) with established efficacy in neuropathic pain in patients and intrinsic synergistic interaction of both mechanisms as demonstrated in rodents. In diabetic mice, we analyzed the central antihyperalgesic activity, the occurrence of site-site interaction, as well as the spinal contribution of opioid and noradrenergic mechanisms in a hotplate test. Tapentadol (0.1-3.16 mg/animal) showed full efficacy after intrathecal as well as after intracerebroventricular administration (ED 50 0.42 mg/animal i.t., 0.18 mg/animal i.c.v.). Combined administration of equianalgesic doses revealed spinal-supraspinal synergy (ED 50 0.053 mg/animal i.t. 1 i.c.v.). Morphine (0.001-10 mg/animal) also showed central efficacy and synergy (ED 50 0.547 mg/animal i.t., 0.004 mg/animal i.c.v., 0.014 mg/animal i.t. 1 i.c.v.). Supraspinal potencies of tapentadol and morphine correlated with the 50-fold difference in their MOR affinities. In contrast, spinal potencies of both drugs were similar and correlated with their relative systemic potencies (ED 50 0.27 mg/kg i.p. tapentadol, 1.1 mg/kg i.p. morphine). Spinal administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone or the a 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine before systemic administration of equianalgesic doses of tapentadol (1 mg/kg i.p.) or morphine (3.16 mg/kg i.p.) revealed pronounced influence on opioidergic and noradrenergic pathways for both compounds. Tapentadol was more sensitive toward both antagonists than was morphine, with median effective dose values of 0.75 and 1.72 ng/animal i.t. naloxone and 1.56 and 2.04 ng/animal i.t. yohimbine, respectively. It is suggested that the antihyperalgesic action of systemically administered tapentadol is based on opioid spinal-supraspinal synergy, as well as intrinsic spinally mediated MOR-NRI synergy

Shelf ice-associated cryo-benthos and environmental features

Incidences of cryo-benthic communities beneath ice shelves are rare and recent discoveries. Combined seal- and ROV-borne imagery and novel sampling technologies allowed for a re-assessment and augmentation of earlier findings on a cryo-benthic isopod community (Antarcturus cf. spinacoronatus), being attached head-down to the underside of floating shelf ice at depths of around 80-150m. The shelf ice-associated cryo-benthos was discovered at Drescher Inlet (-72.83667 -19.15300), Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf (eastern Weddell Sea). The inlet constitutes a 25km long and between 2 and 4km wide crack in the surrounding shelf ice, which is associated with certain environmental features. Here we compile all available local physical, biological, and biogeochemical data and discuss their relevance in the wider regional context for this faunal hotspot. These include data on shelf, sea and platelet ice, seafloor topography, hydrography and water chemistry, as well as associated pelagic and benthic marine life, in particular affinities of the cryo-benthic isopod community to related fauna occurring in nearby seabed communities using molecular barcoding