Managing markets and money : issues and institutions in Dutch nineteenth-century economics

Dutch nineteenth-century economics was more modern than conventional scholarship has suggested. In a number of studies of individual economists and of the formal aspects of academia, it has been concluded that at least before 1870 there were no original contributions by Dutch economists and there was a general academic backwardness of the discipline. Here we try to examine simultaneously the issues of the day and the institutional setting of academic and political economic discourse. We concentrate upon the discussion of markets, in particular the question of free trade, and the discussion of money, in particular the problems of regulating the national debt and the currency. Our picture will be that in the new Kingdom of the Netherlands economics was embraced as the science of modernity, that very soon many courses of the subject were taught in the law faculties, and that a considerable number of university professors engaged in practical policy issues. In our opinion, there is more continuity in the economic thought of Van Hogendorp (who never held a university chair) and of Ackersdijck, Mees and Pierson than most historians of Dutch economics have perceived. The fact that the latter two have also been presidents of the central bank is significant for the importance of this institution in the history of Dutch economics. We conclude that in the first two decades of the century, the new discipline gained ground outside and inside academia. From around 1820 it was well established as a subject in the law faculties, and professors like Tydeman and Ackersdijck were seen as respected authorities in the public debate on economic issues. The year 1848 saw the acceptance of a new liberal constitution and the take-off of economics as an organised community with its own specific role in Dutch society.

Out of Africa: What drives the Pressure to emigrate?

This paper evaluates the strength of social and economic forces that affect the pressure to emigrate 'out of Africa' for four distinctly different African countries (Morocco, Egypt, Senegal and Ghana). In general, great expectations about attaining a higher living standard and expected low job search costs abroad are strong forces that drive emigration intentions out of Africa, especially in Ghana and Senegal. Signs of positive selection with respect to the level of education of potential migrants are only present in Ghana and Egypt. The differences in intentions by age and sex are also quite noteworthy, although the influence of sex differs quite distinctly across countries. Return migrants are on average more set to emigrating judging from their stated intentions although there are signs of negative selection within the group of return migrants in Ghana and Egypt. The network effects of potential migrants turn out to be less important than one might expect from actual migration behaviour. Both ties within the household with household members who have international migration experience and ties with current migrants affect intentions only in Ghana and Egypt and it affects the intentions of women far stronger than that of men. The implication of these findings is that due to the slow growth prospects of these African countries the pressure to emigrate 'out of Africa' can be a long lasting phenomenon

Man, Meaning and History

Indonesi

Self-regulation in boys with oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder

Kinderen met een oppositioneel opstandige gedragsstoornis (ODD) of antisociale gedragsstoornis (CD) hebben een verhoogd risico op toekomstig probleemgedrag zoals delinquentie, werkeloosheid en psychiatrische problemen. Om beter te begrijpen waarom kinderen agressief en antisociaal gedrag vertonen en dit gedrag positief te kunnen beïnvloeden is het nuttig om naar de onderliggende cognitieve en neurobiologische processen te kijken, welke onderliggend zijn aan (probleem)gedrag. Eén van die mechanismen is zelfregulatie: het vermogen om controle uit te kunnen oefenen over onze gedachten, emoties en gedrag. In dit onderzoek hebben we zelfregulatie onderzocht door vier aspecten van zelfregulatie te onderzoeken: neurobiologie (ANS, HPA-as), emotieregulatie; executieve functies en gedrag. We onderzochten 65 jongens met ODD/CD en 38 normaal ontwikkelende controle jongens in de leeftijd van 8-12 jaar in rust en in een stressvolle situatie. We ontdekten dat jongens met ODD/CD een heterogene groep vormen zowel op gedragsniveau als neurobiologisch niveau. Daarnaast zagen we dat er specifieke relaties zijn tussen neurobiologische factoren en verschillende gedragsproblemen en dat de neurobiologie voorspellend is voor het verloop van agressie over een jaar tijd. Deze informatie is belangrijk omdat het laat zien dat interventies moeten aansluiten op het individu, passend bij het mechanisme dat onderliggend is aan het probleemgedrag en verstoord is.  NWO; project nummer: 056-21-010Development Psychopathology in context: clinical setting