The need for innovations for etreme climatic events (INXCES), the progress of flood modeling case Bergen Norway

Urban flooding has become a key issue for many cities around the world. With the continuing effects of climate change, this will become more acute and will add to the serious problems already experienced in dense urban areas. Therefore several international stakeholders are in the need of tools that can assess the vulnerability to floods and visualization tools that will contribute to international knowledge exchange. Years ago scientists started to use DEMs (digital elevation maps) as quick scans to indicate locations that are vulnerable to urban flooding and the effect of climate change. Now the datasets are getting bigger and stakeholders are becoming more demanding and require faster and more visual results. The technology using DEMs is becoming more common and improved, both with a higher accuracy and a higher resolution. As an example the flood modeling using DEMs is compared for the case Bergen in Norway (figure 1a and 1b) from 2009 and 2016

Flood model Bergen Norway and the need for (sub-)surface innovations for eXtreme Climatic EventS (INXCES)

Urban flooding has become a key issue for many cities around the world. The project 'INnovations for eXtreme Climatic EventS' (INXCES) developed new innovative technological methods for risk assessment and mitigation of extreme hydroclimatic events and optimization of urban water-dependent ecosystem services at the catchment level. DEMs (digital elevation maps) have been used for more than a decade now as quick scan models to indicate locations that are vulnerable to urban flooding. In the last years the datasets are getting bigger and multidisciplinary stakeholders are becoming more demanding and require faster and more visual results. In this paper, the development and practical use of DEMs is exemplified by the case study of Bergen (Norway), where flood modelling using DEM is carried out in 2017 and in 2009. We can observe that the technology behind tools using DEMs is becoming more common and improved, both with a higher accuracy and a higher resolution. Visualization tools are developed to raise awareness and understanding among different stakeholders in Bergen and around the world. We can conclude that the evolution of DEMS is successful in handling bigger datasets and better (3D) visualization of results with a higher accuracy and a higher resolution. With flood maps the flow patterns of stormwater are analysed and locations are selected to implement (sub-)surface measures as SuDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage systems) that store and infiltrate stormwater. In the casestudy Bergen the following (sub-)surface SuDS have been recently implemented with the insights of DEMS: settlement storage tank, rainwater garden, swales, permeable pavement and I/T-drainage. The research results from the case study Bergen will be shared by tools to stimulate international knowledge exchange. New improved DEMs and connected (visualization) tools will continue to play an important role in (sub-)surface flood management and climate resilient urban planning strategies around the world

Momentum distribution function and short-range correlations of the warm dense electron gas -- ab initio quantum Monte Carlo results

In a classical plasma the momentum distribution, $n(k)$, decays exponentially, for large $k$, and the same is observed for an ideal Fermi gas. However, when quantum and correlation effects are relevant simultaneously, an algebraic decay, $n_\infty(k)\sim k^{-8}$ has been predicted. This is of relevance for cross sections and threshold processes in dense plasmas that depend on the number of energetic particles. Here we present extensive \textit{ab initio} results for the momentum distribution of the nonideal uniform electron gas at warm dense matter conditions. Our results are based on first principle fermionic path integral Monte Carlo (CPIMC) simulations and clearly confirm the $k^{-8}$ asymptotic. This asymptotic behavior is directly linked to short-range correlations which are analyzed via the on-top pair distribution function (on-top PDF), i.e. the PDF of electrons with opposite spin. We present extensive results for the density and temperature dependence of the on-top PDF and for the momentum distribution in the entire momentum range

KadiStudio: FAIR Modelling of Scientific Research Processes

FAIR handling of scientific data plays a significant role in current efforts towards a more sustainable research culture and serves as a prerequisite for the fourth scientific paradigm, that is, data-driven research. To enforce the FAIR principles by ensuring the reproducibility of scientific data and tracking their provenance comprehensibly, the FAIR modelling of research processes in form of automatable workflows is necessary. By providing reusable procedures containing expert knowledge, such workflows contribute decisively to the quality and the acceleration of scientific research. In this work, the requirements for a system to be capable of modelling FAIR workflows are defined and a generic concept for modelling research processes as workflows is developed. For this, research processes are iteratively divided into impartible subprocesses at different detail levels using the input-process-output model. The concrete software implementation of the identified, universally applicable concept is finally presented in form of the workflow editor KadiStudio of the Karlsruhe Data Infrastructure for Materials Science (Kadi4Mat)

Kadi4Mat : A Research Data Infrastructure for Materials Science

The concepts and current developments of a research data infrastructure for materials science are presented, extending and combining the features of an electronic lab notebook and a repository. The objective of this infrastructure is to incorporate the possibility of structured data storage and data exchange with documented and reproducible data analysis and visualization, which finally leads to the publication of the data. This way, researchers can be supported throughout the entire research process. The software is being developed as a web-based and desktop-based system, offering both a graphical user interface and a programmatic interface. The focus of the development is on the integration of technologies and systems based on both established as well as new concepts. Due to the heterogeneous nature of materials science data, the current features are kept mostly generic, and the structuring of the data is largely left to the users. As a result, an extension of the research data infrastructure to other disciplines is possible in the future. The source code of the project is publicly available under a permissive Apache 2.0 license

Managing FAIR Tribological Data Using Kadi4Mat

The ever-increasing amount of data generated from experiments and simulations in engineering sciences is relying more and more on data science applications to generate new knowledge. Comprehensive metadata descriptions and a suitable research data infrastructure are essential prerequisites for these tasks. Experimental tribology, in particular, presents some unique challenges in this regard due to the interdisciplinary nature of the field and the lack of existing standards. In this work, we demonstrate the versatility of the open source research data infrastructure Kadi4Mat by managing and producing FAIR tribological data. As a showcase example, a tribological experiment is conducted by an experimental group with a focus on comprehensiveness. The result is a FAIR data package containing all produced data as well as machine- and user-readable metadata. The close collaboration between tribologists and software developers shows a practical bottom-up approach and how such infrastructures are an essential part of our FAIR digital future

Impaired cerebral autoregulation distal to carotid stenosis/occlusion is associated with increased risk of stroke at cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

ObjectivesSevere carotid stenosis and occlusion are associated with an increased risk of stroke during and after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Relevance of an impaired cerebral autoregulation caused by stenosis/occlusion is unknown.MethodsWe prospectively assessed the incidence of stroke in relation to severity of carotid disease and corresponding autoregulatory reserve in 2797 patients who had coronary artery bypass graft and/or valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients underwent preoperative carotid sonography and, in case of severe extracranial disease, transcranial Doppler sonography with carbon dioxide stimulation to assess cerebrovascular reserve capacity.ResultsSixty-seven (2.4%) patients had an ischemic stroke, which was fatal in 5. Anterior hemispheric stroke occurred in 42 (1.9%) patients with no/low-grade stenosis, 6 (1.8%) with medium-grade stenosis, 1 (0.6%) with high-grade stenosis/occlusion and normal autoregulation, and 3 (27.3%) with high-grade stenosis/occlusion and exhausted autoregulatory reserve. Increased risk was observed in patients with high-grade stenosis/occlusion and exhausted autoregulatory reserve also after adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 28.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.8–139.1). Stroke risk was not increased in patients with stenosis/occlusion and normal autoregulation (1.5%, adjusted OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.2–1.6).ConclusionsCerebrovascular reserve capacity evaluated by preoperative transcranial Doppler carbon dioxide testing is a major determinant of stroke risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis/occlusion undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Its assessment facilitates identification of patients with an excess perioperative stroke risk