Analysis of the Local Quasi-Stationarity of Measured Dual-Polarized MIMO Channels

It is common practice in wireless communications to assume strict or wide-sense stationarity of the wireless channel in time and frequency. While this approximation has some physical justification, it is only valid inside certain time-frequency regions. This paper presents an elaborate characterization of the non-stationarity of wireless dual-polarized channels in time. The evaluation is based on urban macrocell measurements performed at 2.53 GHz. In order to define local quasi-stationarity (LQS) regions, i.e., regions in which the change of certain channel statistics is deemed insignificant, we resort to the performance degradation of selected algorithms specific to channel estimation and beamforming. Additionally, we compare our results to commonly used measures in the literature. We find that the polarization, the antenna spacing, and the opening angle of the antennas into the propagation channel can strongly influence the non-stationarity of the observed channel. The obtained LQS regions can be of significant size, i.e., several meters, and thus the reuse of channel statistics over large distances is meaningful (in an average sense) for certain algorithms. Furthermore, we conclude that, from a system perspective, a proper non-stationarity analysis should be based on the considered algorithm

A genomic approach to examine the complex evolution of laurasiatherian mammals

Recent phylogenomic studies have failed to conclusively resolve certain branches of the placental mammalian tree, despite the evolutionary analysis of genomic data from 32 species. Previous analyses of single genes and retroposon insertion data yielded support for different phylogenetic scenarios for the most basal divergences. The results indicated that some mammalian divergences were best interpreted not as a single bifurcating tree, but as an evolutionary network. In these studies the relationships among some orders of the super-clade Laurasiatheria were poorly supported, albeit not studied in detail. Therefore, 4775 protein-coding genes (6,196,263 nucleotides) were collected and aligned in order to analyze the evolution of this clade. Additionally, over 200,000 introns were screened in silico, resulting in 32 phylogenetically informative long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) insertion events. The present study shows that the genome evolution of Laurasiatheria may best be understood as an evolutionary network. Thus, contrary to the common expectation to resolve major evolutionary events as a bifurcating tree, genome analyses unveil complex speciation processes even in deep mammalian divergences. We exemplify this on a subset of 1159 suitable genes that have individual histories, most likely due to incomplete lineage sorting or introgression, processes that can make the genealogy of mammalian genomes complex. These unexpected results have major implications for the understanding of evolution in general, because the evolution of even some higher level taxa such as mammalian orders may sometimes not be interpreted as a simple bifurcating pattern

Characterization and scaling of the tokamak edge transport barrier

Das Regime mit hohem Einschluss (H-Mode) in einem Tokamak Plasma zeichnet sich durch eine besondere Randregion aus. Auf einem kleinen räumlichen Bereich von 1-2 cm ändern sich die Eigenschaften des Plasmas signifikant. In dieser Region, auch Pedestal genannt, variieren einige Parameter um 1-2 Größenordnungen. Bisher sind die Entstehung dieses Pedestals und seine Stabilität nur unvollständig verstanden. Daher ist es ein Ziel dieser Dissertation, zu dem Verständnis des Pedestals beizutragen und Skalierungen für größere Maschinen, wie ITER oder DEMO, zu entwickeln. Mit Messungen von verschiedenen Tokamaks - ASDEX Upgrade, DIII-D, JET - wurde eine Pedestal-Datenbank aufgebaut. Das Pedestal wurde für alle Maschinen mit derselben Methode charakterisiert. Dadurch erhält man den maximalen Wert im Pedestal, seine Breite und seine Steigung, jeweils für die Elektronendichte ne, Elektronentemperatur Te und Ionentemperatur Ti. Diese Größen und Ableitungen davon, wie Druck oder Einschlusszeit, wurden analysiert. Für diesen Zweck wurden zwei verschiedene Sets von Parametern verwendet: normierte Größen (Druck beta, Zeit nu*, Länge rho*, Form fq und technische Größen (Ausdehnung a, magnetisches Feld Bt, Plasma Strom Ip, Heizleistung P). Alle Ergebnisse werden durch die Wahl des Koordinatensystems beeinflusst: normierter poloidaler Fluss PsiN oder Ortsraum r/a. Bei beiden Parametersets wurde beobachtet, dass die Pedestalbreiten in Elektronentemperatur und Elektronendichte unterschiedlich skalieren. Für ITER oder DEMO würde diese Skalierung bedeuten, dass das Temperaturpedestal deutlich breiter ist als das Dichtepedestal. Der Druck am Pedestal zeigt verschiedene Abhängigkeiten für Elektronen und Ionen. Die Extrapolationen zu ITER und DEMO geben ein Te,ped von 4 keV bzw. 10 keV, allerdings ergeben sich deutlich niedrigere Werte für die Ionentemperatur. Eine zwei-Phasen Analyse der Energieeinschlusszeit tauE wurde angewandt, um den Beitrag des Pedestals zur gesamten Einschlusszeit abzuschätzen. Die Abhängigkeiten, die sich aus der Skalierung für tauE,ped ergeben, sind nahezu identisch mit denen der IPB98 Skalierung. Dies ist ein deutlicher Hinweis darauf, dass durch das Pedestal ein signifikanter Beitrag zum gesamten Einschluss geleistet wird. Die Extrapolationen zu ITER zeigen eine Einschlusszeit von 3 s, was sich am unteren Rand der IPB98 Skalierung befindet. Die Pedestalgradienten im Ortsraum zeigen eine deutliche Korrelation mit den Werten am oberen Rand des Pedestals. Besonders ausgeprägt ist diese Abhängigkeit für die Elektronentemperatur, hier wurde zudem keine Abhängigkeit mit einem anderen Parameter beobachtet. Die Gradienten in PsiN zeigen keine vergleichbare Korrelation. Der normierte Druckgradient alpha, der für die Stabilität des Pedestals wichtig ist, ist korreliert mit dem normierten Druck und der Plasmaform. Auch andere Beobachtungen lassen auf eine wichtige Rolle der Plasmaform schließen, was einen starken Einfluss auf Extrapolationen haben kann. Die vorliegende Studie bestätigt, dass die Randtransport Barriere nicht durch eine einzelne Theorie beschrieben werden kann. Die Höhe des Pedestals in der Elektronen- und Ionentemperatur sowie der Dichte kann separat durch entsprechenden Transport limitiert sein, während sie zusammen durch eine Stabilitätsgrenze limitiert sind. Gleichzeitig skaliert die radiale Ausdehnung der Temperatur und der Dichte verschieden

Dual-Polarized Ricean MIMO Channels: Modeling and Performance Assessment

In wireless communication systems, dual-polarized (DP) instead of single-polarized (SP) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission is used to improve the spectral efficiency under certain conditions on the channel and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In order to identify these conditions, we first propose a novel channel model for DP mobile Ricean MIMO channels for which statistical channel parameters are readily obtained from a moment-based channel decomposition. Second, we derive an approximation of the mutual information (MI), which can be expressed as a function of those statistical channel parameters. Based on this approximation, we characterize the required SNR for a DP MIMO system to outperform an SP MIMO system in terms of the MI. Finally, we apply our results to channel measurements at 2.53 GHz. We find that, using the proposed channel decomposition and the approximation of the MI, we are able to reproduce the (practically relevant) SNR values above which DP MIMO systems outperform SP MIMO systems.Comment: submitted to the IEEE Transactions on Communication

Empirical Analysis of the Most Relevant Parameters of Codon Substitution Models

Traditionally, codon models of evolution have been parametric, meaning that the 61 ×61 substitution rate matrix was derived from only a handful of parameters, typically the equilibrium frequencies, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates and the ratio between transition and transversion rates. These parameters are reasonable choices and are based on observations of what aspects of evolution often vary in coding DNA. However, the choices are relatively arbitrary and no systematic empirical search has ever been performed to identify the best parameters for a codon model. Even for the empirical or semi-empirical models that have been presented recently, only the average substitution rates have been estimated from databases of real coding DNA, but the parameters used were essentially the same as before. In this study we attempted to investigate empirically what the most relevant parameters for a codon model are. By performing a principal component analysis (PCA) on 3666 substitution rate matrices estimated from single gene families, the sets of the most co-varying substitution rates were determined. Interestingly, the two most significant principal components (PCs) describe clearly identifiable parameters: the first PC separates synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions while the second PC distinguishes between substitutions where only one nucleotide changes and substitutions with two or three nucleotide changes. For the third and subsequent PCs no simple descriptions could be foun

PREDICTIVE POWERTRAIN – N EW OPPORTUNITIES BY NETWORKING SYSTEMS

International audienceThese days it is not enough to think about downsizing of engines or the use of hybrid systems to keep upcoming CO 2 regulations as well as customer demands. Furthermore most of the vehicles’ components are highly optimized. The realization of further significant optimizations is only possible through a connection between these components. Intensive research activities play a major role in making Bosch a market and innovation leader in electronic powertrain and safety systems. And in diesel and gasoline engines as well, there are technological possibilities for reducing consumption evenfurther. What all powertrains have in common is the potential to reduce emissions and fuel consumption even further through networking of existing vehicle systems across all vehicle domains. The advent of electromobility is bringing together two areas of automotive technology that were traditionally regarded in isolation from one another – powertrains and chassis. Furthermore Bosch links automotive systems with data from the electronic horizon, which senses the vehicle’s environment and provides a detailed preview of the road ahead. Bosch Engineering GmbH is using cross-system networking within a concept vehicle as well as with external systems to develop new functions. The networking of vehicle systems encompasses the ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control), the electronic stability program ESP® and the whole powertrain (ICE and hybrid). Going beyond vehicle systems, automotive systems are also linked to data from the electronic horizon (interface to navigation system), this feature acts as a sensor to the environment to provide a detailed virtual preview of the route ahead. New functions thereby reduce fuel consumption and increase the level of comfort and safety. This paper provides an overview on the system approach and practical developments of Bosch Engineering in this area

Structural, magnetic, and transport properties of Co2_2FeSi Heusler films

We report the deposition of thin Co$_2$FeSi films by RF magnetron sputtering. Epitaxial (100)-oriented and L2$_1$ ordered growth is observed for films grown on MgO(100) substrates. (110)-oriented films on Al$_2$O$_3$(110) show several epitaxial domains in the film plane. Investigation of the magnetic properties reveals a saturation magnetization of 5.0 $mu_B/f.u.$ at low temperatures. The temperature dependence of the resistivity $rho_{xx}(T)$ exhibits a crossover from a T^3.5 law at T<50K to a T^1.65 behaviour at elevated temperatures. $rho_{xx}(H)$ shows a small anisotropic magnetoresistive effect. A weak dependence of the normal Hall effect on the external magnetic field indicates the compensation of electron and hole like contributions at the Fermi surface.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures to be published in J. Phys. D: Appl. Phy

OMA 2011: orthology inference among 1000 complete genomes

OMA (Orthologous MAtrix) is a database that identifies orthologs among publicly available, complete genomes. Initiated in 2004, the project is at its 11th release. It now includes 1000 genomes, making it one of the largest resources of its kind. Here, we describe recent developments in terms of species covered; the algorithmic pipeline—in particular regarding the treatment of alternative splicing, and new features of the web (OMA Browser) and programming interface (SOAP API). In the second part, we review the various representations provided by OMA and their typical applications. The database is publicly accessible at http://omabrowser.or

OMA Browser—Exploring orthologous relations across 352 complete genomes

Motivation: Inference of the evolutionary relation between proteins, in particular the identification of orthologs, is a central problem in comparative genomics. Several large-scale efforts with various methodologies and scope tackle this problem, including OMA (the Orthologous MAtrix project). Results: Based on the results of the OMA project, we introduce here the OMA Browser, a web-based tool allowing the exploration of orthologous relations over 352 complete genomes. Orthologs can be viewed as groups across species, but also at the level of sequence pairs, allowing the distinction among one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many orthologs. Availability: http://omabrowser.org Contact: [email protected]

Macroecology of methane-oxidizing bacteria: the β-diversity of pmoA genotypes in tropical and subtropical rice paddies

Studies addressing microbial biogeography have increased during the past decade, but research on microbial distribution patterns is still in its infancies, and many aspects are only poorly understood. Here, we compared the methanotroph community in paddy soils sampled in Indonesia, Vietnam, China and Italy, focusing on the distance-decay relationship. We used the pmoA gene as marker for methanotroph diversity in terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, microarray and pyrosequencing approaches. We could observe a significant increase of -diversity with geographical distance across continents (12000km). Measured environmental parameters explained only a small amount of data variation, and we found no evidence for dispersal limitation. Thus, we propose historical contingencies being responsible for the observed patterns. Furthermore, we performed an in-depth analysis of type II methanotroph pmoA distribution at the sequence level. We used ordination analysis to project sequence dissimilarities into a three-dimensional space (multidimensional scaling). The ordination suggests that type II methanotrophs in paddy fields can be divided into five major groups. However, these groups were found to be distributed in all soils independent of the geographic origin. By including tropical field sites (Indonesia and Vietnam) into the analysis, we further observed the first paddy fields harbouring a methanotroph community depleted in type II methanotrophs