Global Circulation of the Atmosphere (2004)

GLOBAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE WHAT: Experts assembled to assess understanding of the global circulation with an eye toward identifying outstanding questions and improving the framework for synthesizing observations and simulations. WHEN: 4–6 November 2004 WHERE: Pasadena, Californi

Autonomous Fault Detection in Self-Healing Systems using Restricted Boltzmann Machines

Autonomously detecting and recovering from faults is one approach for reducing the operational complexity and costs associated with managing computing environments. We present a novel methodology for autonomously generating investigation leads that help identify systems faults, and extends our previous work in this area by leveraging Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) and contrastive divergence learning to analyse changes in historical feature data. This allows us to heuristically identify the root cause of a fault, and demonstrate an improvement to the state of the art by showing feature data can be predicted heuristically beyond a single instance to include entire sequences of information.Comment: Published and presented in the 11th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Engineering of Autonomic and Autonomous Systems (EASe 2014

Geometry and Procedure for Benchmarking SFF and Hybrid Fabrication Process Resolution

Since the advent of SFF and RP a number of SFF benchmarking geometries and methodologies have been developed and employed with some similarities but limited standardization. Minimal information has been published in regard to a standard method of measuring the resolution limits or capabilities of SFF and SFF-based hybrid processes. In an effort to benchmark resolution limits of SFF and Hybrid Fabrication processes, several benchmarking geometries were developed to capture the resolution capabilities, specifically hole size and rod size range, of multiple hybrid fabrication path steps and a hybrid path as a whole. These useful geometries are shared with the SFF community and procedures for their use are described in this paper.Mechanical Engineerin

Human Povered Vehicle

Prce se zabv vozidly pohnÄnmi lidskou silou. Je v n­ uvedena historie tÄchto vozidel, jejich rozdÄlen­ podle typu pohonu a 3 studie nekonvenÄn­ch vozidel. Na zvÄr je pedstaveno nÄkolik relnch netradiÄn­ch vozidel.This thesis deals with human powered vehicles. A history of these vehicles is presented as well as their decision according to a driving movement. In next parts, there are three concepts of unusual vehicles described and in the end there are reviews of some special real vehicles.

I Hear A City: A Picture Book for Three- Four- and Five-Year-Olds

I Hear A City is an original children\u27s book that delineates the daily routines of a city and the people who live within it. The book is designed to be read with three- four- and five-year-olds because its content corresponds with that age group\u27s interests and their desire to understand their surroundings. I Hear A City recounts the story of the life of a city and the universal routines that exist there. The ideas and events expressed within the book are basic and relate to young children. The life and activities of a city and its inhabitants are integrated and fluid and many daily occurrences and repetitive and habitual routines are paid scant attention to by adults, but stand out as significant to young children

Earth's Cryosphere-Albedo Feedback: From the Global Scale to in Snow Metamorphosis

Previous studies report rapid perennial Arctic sea ice-cover decline over the last few decades, but decadal-scale temporal variability of Earth's albedo feedback has not been fully assessed in future climate simulations. Without a complete dynamic treatment of albedo feedback on these timescales, a question that motivates the research presented here is how does the strength in albedo feedback vary on decadal timescales in transient climate? The answers to when the strength in albedo feedback might peak and start to decline in future transient climate simulations is the topic of Chapter 2. On smaller scales, snow internal albedo feedback is a poorly understood source of instability in snowpacks that can affect the surface energy budget. Mechanisms for both positive and negative snow metamorphosis-driven albedo feedback have been proposed, but due to the delicate nature of snowpacks, it can be difficult to study these mechanisms in nature. Chapters 3 and 4 seek to better understand the snow internal albedo feedback on hourly timescales. Data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi-model ensemble of simulations of historical and future transient climate is applied to assess global scale surface albedo feedback (SAF) in 36 global climate models. Time evolving SAF in multiple decades are calculated from surface albedo and temperature linear regressions. Results are meaningful when temperature change exceeds 0.5K. Decadal scale SAF is strongly correlated with century scale SAF during the 21st century. Throughout the 21st century, multi-model ensemble mean SAF increases from 0.37 to 0.42 watts per square meter Kelvin. These results suggest models' mean decadal scale SAFs are good estimates of their century scale SAFs if there is at least 0.5K temperature change. Persistent SAF into the late 21st century indicates ongoing capacity for Arctic albedo decline despite there being less sea-ice. To examine the snow internal albedo feedback, first, an instrument designed to measure snow specific surface area (SSA) is engineered to operate in situ during subfreezing conditions. To calibrate the Near-Infrared Emitting and Reflectance-Monitoring Dome (NERD), measured bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) are compared to snow SSA estimates derived from X-ray microcomputed tomography (X-CT) scans. This comparison contains multiple snow samples of various morphological quantities including snow density, porosity, and SSA ranging from 10 to 70 square meters per kilogram. In general, there is an exponential relationship between 1.30 micro-meter BRFs and snow SSA. These results provide experimental validation of measuring 1.30 micro-meter BRFs to obtain approximate snow SSA. Second, two NERDs are deployed to measure 1.30 and 1.55 micro-meter BRFs of natural snow and experimental snow plots with added dust and BC. Snow 1.30 (1.55) micro-meter BRFs evolve from 0.6 (0.15) in fresh snow to 0.2 (0.03) after metamorphosis. Hourly-scale time evolving snow surface BRFs and SSA estimates from X-CT reveal more rapid infrared darkening and snow metamorphosis in contaminated versus natural plots. These findings verify experimentally that dust and BC deposition can accelerate snow metamorphosis and enhance positive snow internal albedo feedback in sunny, calm weather conditions.PHDAtmospheric, Oceanic & Space ScienceUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145842/1/amschne_1.pd