23 research outputs found
Fluorescent Probes for Ecto-5âČ-nucleotidase (CD73)
Ecto-5âČ-nucleotidase (CD73) catalyzes the hydrolysis of AMP to anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive adenosine. It is expressed on vascular endothelial, epithelial, and also numerous cancer cells where it strongly contributes to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In the present study we designed and synthesized fluorescent-labeled CD73 inhibitors with low nanomolar affinity and high selectivity based on N6-benzyl-α,ÎČ-methylene-ADP (PSB-12379) as a lead structure. Fluorescein was attached to the benzyl residue via different linkers resulting in PSB-19416 (14b, Ki12.6 nM) and PSB-18332 (14a, Ki2.98 nM) as fluorescent high-affinity probes for CD73. These compounds are anticipated to become useful tools for biological studies, drug screening, and diagnostic applications
Ionomer distribution control in porous carbon-supported catalyst layers for high-power and low Pt-loaded proton exchange membrane fuel cells
The reduction of Pt content in the cathode for proton exchange membrane fuel cells is highly desirable to lower their costs. However, lowering the Pt loading of the cathodic electrode leads to high voltage losses. These voltage losses are known to originate from the mass transport resistance of O-2 through the platinum-ionomer interface, the location of the Pt particle with respect to the carbon support and the supports' structures. In this study, we present a new Pt catalyst/support design that substantially reduces local oxygen-related mass transport resistance. The use of chemically modified carbon supports with tailored porosity enabled controlled deposition of Pt nanoparticles on the outer and inner surface of the support particles. This resulted in an unprecedented uniform coverage of the ionomer over the high surface-area carbon supports, especially under dry operating conditions. Consequently, the present catalyst design exhibits previously unachieved fuel cell power densities in addition to high stability under voltage cycling. Thanks to the Coulombic interaction between the ionomer and N groups on the carbon support, homogeneous ionomer distribution and reproducibility during ink manufacturing process is ensured
Impact of Carbon Support Functionalization on the Electrochemical Stability of Pt Fuel Cell Catalysts
Nitrogen-enriched porous carbons have been discussed as supports for Pt nanoparticle catalysts deployed at cathode layers of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Here, we present an analysis of the chemical process of carbon surface modification using ammonolysis of preoxidized carbon blacks, and correlate their chemical structure with their catalytic activity and stability using in situ analytical techniques. Upon ammonolysis, the support materials were characterized with respect to their elemental composition, the physical surface area, and the surface zeta potential. The nature of the introduced N-functionalities was assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At lower ammonolysis temperatures, pyrrolic-N were invariably the most abundant surface species while at elevated treatment temperatures pyridinic-N prevailed. The corrosion stability under electrochemical conditions was assessed by in situ high-temperature differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy in a single gas diffusion layer electrode; this test revealed exceptional improvements in corrosion resistance for a specific type of nitrogen modification. Finally, Pt nanoparticles were deposited on the modified supports. In situ X-ray scattering techniques (X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering) revealed the time evolution of the active Pt phase during accelerated electrochemical stress tests in electrode potential ranges where the catalytic oxygen reduction reaction proceeds. Data suggest that abundance of pyrrolic nitrogen moieties lower carbon corrosion and lead to superior catalyst stability compared to state-of-the-art Pt catalysts. Our study suggests with specific materials science strategies how chemically tailored carbon supports improve the performance of electrode layers in PEMFC devices
Tracking Catalyst Redox States and Reaction Dynamics in Ni Fe Oxyhydroxide Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts the Role of Catalyst Support and Electrolyte pH
NiâFe
oxyhydroxides are the most active known electrocatalysts
for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes and
are therefore of great scientific and technological importance in
the context of electrochemical energy conversion. Here we uncover,
investigate, and discuss previously unaddressed effects of conductive
supports and the electrolyte pH on the NiâFeÂ(OOH) catalyst
redox behavior and catalytic OER activity, combining <i>in situ</i> UVâvis spectro-electrochemistry, <i>operando</i> electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), and <i>in situ</i> cryo X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Supports and pH > 13
strongly
enhanced the precatalytic voltammetric charge of the NiâFe
oxyhydroxide redox peak couple, shifted them more cathodically, and
caused a 2â3-fold increase in the catalytic OER activity. Analysis
of DEMS-based faradaic oxygen efficiency and electrochemical UVâvis
traces consistently confirmed our voltammetric observations, evidencing
both a more cathodic O<sub>2</sub> release and a more cathodic onset
of Ni oxidation at higher pH. Using UVâvis, which can monitor
the amount of oxidized Ni<sup>+3/+4</sup> <i>in situ</i>, confirmed an earlier onset of the redox process at high electrolyte
pH and further provided evidence of a smaller fraction of Ni<sup>+3/+4</sup> in mixed NiâFe centers, confirming the unresolved paradox
of a reduced metal redox activity with increasing Fe content. A nonmonotonic
super-Nernstian pH dependence of the redox peaks with increasing Fe
contentîždisplaying Pourbaix slopes as steep as â120
mV/pHîžsuggested a two protonâone electron transfer.
We explain and discuss the experimental pH effects using refined coupled
(PCET) and decoupled proton transferâelectron transfer (PT/ET)
schemes involving negatively charged oxygenate ligands generated at
Fe centers. Together, we offer new insight into the catalytic reaction
dynamics and associated catalyst redox chemistry of the most important
class of alkaline OER catalysts
Efficient Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Production from Molecular Oxygen on Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Catalysts
Electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by two-electron oxygen reduction is a promising alternative process to the established industrial anthraquinone process. Current challenges relate to finding cost-effective electrocatalysts with high electrocatalytic activity, stability, and product selectivity. Here, we explore the electrocatalytic activity and selectivity toward H2O2 production of a number of distinct nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon catalysts and report a previously unachieved H2O2 selectivity of âŒ95â98% in acidic solution. To explain our observations, we correlate their structural, compositional, and other physicochemical properties with their electrocatalytic performance and uncover a close correlation between the H2O2 product yield and the surface area and interfacial zeta potential. Nitrogen doping was found to sharply boost H2O2 activity and selectivity. Chronoamperometric H2O2 electrolysis confirms the exceptionally high H2O2 production rate and large H2O2 faradaic selectivity for the optimal nitrogen-doped CMK-3 sample in acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions. In alkaline solution, the catalytic H2O2 yield increases further, where the production rate of the HO2â anion reaches a value as high as 561.7 mmol gcatalystâ1 hâ1 with H2O2 faradaic selectivity above 70%. Our work provides a guide for the design, synthesis, and mechanistic investigation of advanced carbon-based electrocatalysts for H2O2 production
X Ray Co Crystal Structure Guides the Way to Subnanomolar Competitive Ecto 5 amp; 8242; Nucleotidase CD73 Inhibitors for Cancer Immunotherapy
Controlling Near-Surface Ni Composition in Octahedral PtNi(Mo) Nanoparticles by Mo Doping for a Highly Active Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst
We report and study the translation of exceptionally high catalytic oxygen electroreduction activities of molybdenum-doped octahedrally shaped PtNi(Mo) nanoparticles from conventional thin-film rotating disk electrode screenings (3.43 ± 0.35 A mgPtâ1 at 0.9 VRHE) to membrane electrode assembly (MEA)-based single fuel cell tests with sustained Pt mass activities of 0.45 A mgPtâ1 at 0.9 Vcell, one of the highest ever reported performances for advanced shaped Pt alloys in real devices. Scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (STEM-EDX) reveals that Mo preferentially occupies the Pt-rich edges and vertices of the element-anisotropic octahedral PtNi particles. Furthermore, by combining in situ wide-angle X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and STEM-EDX elemental mapping with electrochemical measurements, we finally succeeded to realize high Ni retention in activated PtNiMo nanoparticles even after prolonged potential-cycling stability tests. Stability losses at the anodic potential limits were mainly attributed to the loss of the octahedral particle shape. Extending the anodic potential limits of the tests to the Pt oxidation region induced detectable Ni losses and structural changes. Our study shows on an atomic level how Mo adatoms on the surface impact the Ni surface composition, which, in turn, gives rise to the exceptionally high experimental catalytic ORR reactivity and calls for strategies on how to preserve this particular surface composition to arrive at performance stabilities comparable with state-of-the-art spherical dealloyed Pt coreâshell catalysts
Development of the signal in sensory rhodopsin and its transfer to the cognate transducer
The microbial phototaxis receptor sensory rhodopsin II (NpSRII, also named phoborhodopsin) mediates the photophobic response of the haloarchaeon Natronomonas pharaonis by modulating the swimming behaviour of the bacterium. After excitation by blue-green light NpSRII triggers, by means of a tightly bound transducer protein (NpHtrII), a signal transduction chain homologous with the two-component system of eubacterial chemotaxis. Two molecules of NpSRII and two molecules of NpHtrII form a 2:2 complex in membranes as shown by electron paramagnetic resonance and X-ray structure analysis. Here we present X-ray structures of the photocycle intermediates K and late M (M2) explaining the evolution of the signal in the receptor after retinal isomerization and the transfer of the signal to the transducer in the complex. The formation of late M has been correlated with the formation of the signalling state. The observed structural rearrangements allow us to propose the following mechanism for the light-induced activation of the signalling complex. On excitation by light, retinal isomerization leads in the K state to a rearrangement of a water cluster that partly disconnects two helices of the receptor. In the transition to late M the changes in the hydrogen bond network proceed further. Thus, in late M state an altered tertiary structure establishes the signalling state of the receptor. The transducer responds to the activation of the receptor by a clockwise rotation of about 15 degrees of helix TM2 and a displacement of this helix by 0.9 A at the cytoplasmic surface