318 research outputs found
On Conformal Infinity and Compactifications of the Minkowski Space
Using the standard Cayley transform and elementary tools it is reiterated
that the conformal compactification of the Minkowski space involves not only
the "cone at infinity" but also the 2-sphere that is at the base of this cone.
We represent this 2-sphere by two additionally marked points on the Penrose
diagram for the compactified Minkowski space. Lacks and omissions in the
existing literature are described, Penrose diagrams are derived for both,
simple compactification and its double covering space, which is discussed in
some detail using both the U(2) approach and the exterior and Clifford algebra
methods. Using the Hodge * operator twistors (i.e. vectors of the
pseudo-Hermitian space H_{2,2}) are realized as spinors (i.e., vectors of a
faithful irreducible representation of the even Clifford algebra) for the
conformal group SO(4,2)/Z_2. Killing vector fields corresponding to the left
action of U(2) on itself are explicitly calculated. Isotropic cones and
corresponding projective quadrics in H_{p,q} are also discussed. Applications
to flat conformal structures, including the normal Cartan connection and
conformal development has been discussed in some detail.Comment: 38 pages, 8 figures, late
Association of Prenatal Maternal Depression and Anxiety Symptoms with Infant White Matter Microstructure
Importance: Maternal depression and anxiety can have deleterious and lifelong consequences on child development. However, many aspects of the association of early brain development with maternal symptoms remain unclear. Understanding the timing of potential neurobiological alterations holds inherent value for the development and evaluation of future therapies and interventions. Objective: To examine the association between exposure to prenatal maternal depression and anxiety symptoms and offspring white matter microstructure at 1 month of age. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study of 101 mother-infant dyads used a composite of depression and anxiety symptoms measured in mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy and measures of white matter microstructure characterized in the mothers' 1-month offspring using diffusion tensor imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging performed from October 1, 2014, to November 30, 2016. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at an academic research facility during natural, nonsedated sleep. Main Outcomes and Measures: Brain mapping algorithms and statistical models were used to evaluate the association between maternal depression and anxiety and 1-month infant white matter microstructure as measured by diffusion tensor imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging findings. Results: In the 101 mother-infant dyads (mean [SD] age of mothers, 33.22 [3.99] years; mean age of infants at magnetic resonance imaging, 33.07 days [range, 18-50 days]; 92 white mothers [91.1%]; 53 male infants [52.5%]), lower 1-month white matter microstructure (decreased neurite density and increased mean, radial, and axial diffusivity) was associated in right frontal white matter microstructure with higher prenatal maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety. Significant sex × symptom interactions with measures of white matter microstructure were also observed, suggesting that white matter development may be differentially sensitive to maternal depression and anxiety symptoms in males and females during the prenatal period. Conclusions and Relevance: These data highlight the importance of the prenatal period to early brain development and suggest that the underlying white matter microstructure is associated with the continuum of prenatal maternal depression and anxiety symptoms
Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) knockout abolishes oral cancer development through reciprocal regulation of the MAP kinase and TGF-β signaling pathways
Grainyhead-Like 2 (GRHL2) is an epithelial-specific transcription factor that regulates epithelial morphogenesis and differentiation. Prior studies suggested inverse regulation between GRHL2 and TGF-β in epithelial plasticity and potential carcinogenesis. Here, we report the role of GRHL2 in oral carcinogenesis in vivo using a novel Grhl2 knockout (KO) mouse model and the underlying mechanism involving its functional interaction with TGF-β signaling. We developed epithelial-specific Grhl2 conditional KO mice by crossing Grhl2 floxed mice with those expressing CreER driven by the K14 promoter. After induction of Grhl2 KO, we confirmed the loss of GRHL2 and its target proteins, while Grhl2 KO strongly induced TGF-β signaling molecules. When exposed to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), a strong chemical carcinogen, Grhl2 wild-type (WT) mice developed rampant oral tongue tumors, while Grhl2 KO mice completely abolished tumor development. In cultured oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines, TGF-β signaling was notably induced by GRHL2 knockdown while being suppressed by GRHL2 overexpression. GRHL2 knockdown or KO in vitro and in vivo, respectively, led to loss of active p-Erk1/2 and p-JNK MAP kinase levels; moreover, ectopic overexpression of GRHL2 strongly induced the MAP kinase activation. Furthermore, the suppressive effect of GRHL2 on TGF-β signaling was diminished in cells exposed to Erk and JNK inhibitors. These data indicate that GRHL2 activates the Erk and JNK MAP kinases, which in turn suppresses the TGF -β signaling. This novel signaling represents an alternative pathway by which GRHL2 regulates carcinogenesis, and is distinct from the direct transcriptional regulation by GRHL2 binding at its target gene promoters, e.g., E-cadherin, hTERT, p63, and miR-200 family genes. Taken together, the current study provides the first genetic evidence to support the role of GRHL2 in carcinogenesis and the underlying novel mechanism that involves the functional interaction between GRHL2 and TGF-β signaling through the MAPK pathways
Boundary Term in Metric f(R) Gravity: Field Equations in the Metric Formalism
The main goal of this paper is to get in a straightforward form the field
equations in metric f(R) gravity, using elementary variational principles and
adding a boundary term in the action, instead of the usual treatment in an
equivalent scalar-tensor approach. We start with a brief review of the
Einstein-Hilbert action, together with the Gibbons-York-Hawking boundary term,
which is mentioned in some literature, but is generally missing. Next we
present in detail the field equations in metric f(R) gravity, including the
discussion about boundaries, and we compare with the Gibbons-York-Hawking term
in General Relativity. We notice that this boundary term is necessary in order
to have a well defined extremal action principle under metric variation.Comment: 12 pages, title changes by referee recommendation. Accepted for
publication in General Relativity and Gravitation. Matches with the accepted
versio
Fluctuating diamagnetism in underdoped high temperature superconductors
The fluctuation induced diamagnetism of underdoped high temperature
superconductors is studied in the framework of the Lawrence-Doniach model. By
taking into account the fluctuations of the phase of the order parameter only,
the latter reduces to a layered XY-model describing a liquid of vortices which
can be either thermally excited or induced by the external magnetic field. The
diamagnetic response is given by a current-current correlation function which
is evaluated using the Coulomb gas analogy. Our results are then applied to
recent measurements of fluctuation diamagnetism in underdoped YBCO. They allow
to understand both the observed anomalous temperature dependence of the
zero-field susceptibility and the two distinct regimes appearing in the
magnetic field dependence of the magnetization.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures included, accepted for publication in PR
Spin Exciton in quantum dot with spin orbit coupling in high magnetic field
Coulomb interactions of few () electrons confined in a disk shaped
quantum dot, with a large magnetic field applied in the z-direction
(orthogonal to the dot), produce a fully spin polarized ground state. We
numerically study the splitting of the levels corresponding to the multiplet of
total spin (each labeled by a different total angular momentum )
in presence of an electric field parallel to , coupled to by a
Rashba term. We find that the first excited state is a spin exciton with a
reversed spin at the origin. This is reminiscent of the Quantum Hall
Ferromagnet at filling one which has the skyrmion-like state as its first
excited state. The spin exciton level can be tuned with the electric field and
infrared radiation can provide energy and angular momentum to excite it.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures. submitted to Phys.Rev.
Quantum Aspects of Supersymmetric Maxwell Chern-Simons Solitons
We study the various quantum aspects of the supersymmetric Maxwell
Chern-Simons vortex systems. The fermion zero modes around the vortices will
give rise the degenerate states of vortices. We analyze the angular momentum of
these zero modes and apply the result to get the supermultiplet structures of
the vortex. The leading quantum correction to the mass of the vortex coming
from the mode fluctuations is also calculated using various methods depending
on the value of the coefficient of the Chern-Simons term to be zero,
infinite and finite, separately. The mass correction is shown to vanish for all
cases. Fermion numbers of vortices are also discussed.Comment: 40 pages, ReVTeX, HYUPT-94/04 SNUTP 94-6
Comparing Proton Momentum Distributions in A = 2 and 3 Nuclei Via \u3csup\u3e2\u3c/sup\u3eH \u3csup\u3e3\u3c/sup\u3eH and \u3csup\u3e3\u3c/sup\u3eHe (e,e′p) Measurements
We report the first measurement of the (e, e\u27 p) reaction cross-section ratios for Helium-3 (3He), Tritium (3H), and Deuterium (d). The measurement covered a missing momentum range of 40 ≤ pmiss ≤ 550 MeV/c, at large momentum transfer ({Q2} ≈ 1.9 (GeV/c)2) and xB \u3e 1, which minimized contributions from non quasi-elastic (QE) reaction mechanisms. The data is compared with planewave impulse approximation (PWIA) calculations using realistic spectral functions and momentum distributions. The measured and PWIA-calculated cross-section ratios for 3He/d and 3H/d extend to just above the typical nucleon Fermi-momentum (kF ≈ 250 MeV/c) and differ from each other by ∼ 20%, while for 3He/3H they agree within the measurement accuracy of about 3%. At momenta above kF , the measured 3He/3H ratios differ from the calculation by 20% −50%. Final state interaction (FSI) calculations using the generalized Eikonal Approximation indicate that FSI should change the 3He/3H cross-section ratio for this measurement by less than 5%. If these calculations are correct, then the differences at large missing momenta between the 3He/3H experimental and calculated ratios could be due to the underlying NN interaction, and thus could provide new constraints on the previously loosely-constrained short-distance parts of the NN interaction
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