Aguará guazú y leptospirosis : «Develando el enigma»

La leptospirosis es la zoonosis más difundida en el mundo. Los animales silvestres son reservorios importantes que eliminan leptospiras a través de la orina contaminando el ambiente. El aguará guazú (Chysocyon brachyurus) es un cánido, con hábitos de cazador de fauna de humedales, convirtiéndolo en un potencial reservorio de la enfermedad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la tasa de seropositividad en aguará guazú. Se obtuvieron muestras de suero de 25 animales «clínicamente sanos», alojados en el Centro Provincial de Rescate, Rehabilitación y Reubicación de Fauna «La Esmeralda» en la ciudad de Santa Fe, Argentina (Protocolo Provincial, Ley 12.182). Las muestras de suero se procesaron mediante la prueba de aglutinación microscópica (MAT), técnica serológica de referencia internacional.Trabajo publicado en Cagliada, Maria del Pilar Lilia y Galosi, Cecilia Mónica (comps.). I Congreso de Microbiología Veterinaria. Libro de resúmenes. La Plata: Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 2021.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Diagnóstico de leptospirosis humana: evaluación de la aglutinación macroscópica en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la aglutinación macroscópica con antígeno termorresistente (TR) como tamiz diagnóstico de leptospirosis humana en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS:La definición de casos se basó en la microaglutinación (MAT), recuento de leucocitos y neutrofilia. Se incluyeron 218 casos confirmados y 242 no casos. Cada muestra del banco de sueros del laboratorio del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias de Santa Fe, Argentina, de 2008 a 2010, se clasificó según días de evolución en tres etapas: primera (25 días). RESULTADOS: La sensibilidad hallada fue: 71.1, 93.4 y 95.6% para etapas 1, 2 y 3 respectivamente. La especificidad varió de 79.0 a 69.2%. La variabilidad intra e interoperador fue moderada. CONCLUSIÓN: La variabilidad del TR, su baja sensibilidad en la primera etapa y baja especificidad en todas las etapas de la enfermedad sugieren que sería indispensable la incorporación de nuevos métodos diagnósticos de tamiz para la detección precoz de casos en nuestro país, y países donde aún se apliquen este tipo de métodos.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the macroscopic agglutination test using Temperature Resistant (TR) antigen as a screening test for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis in different stages of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The criteria for case definition were based on the results of the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), leukocyte counts and neutrophilia, resulting 218 confirmed cases and 242 non- cases. Each sample was classified according to the days of the disease progression in three stages: first ( 25 days). The design was cross-sectional observational. RESULTS: TR sensitivity was 71,1% on stage 1. 93.4% on stage 2 and 95.6% on stage 3. The specificity at different stages ranged from 79.0 to 69.2%. Intra and inter-operator variability was moderate. CONCLUSION: TR variability, low sensitivity in the first stage and low specificity found in all stages of the disease, suggest that it is essential to incorporate new diagnostic methods to screen for early detection of cases in our country and in countries that still apply such methods

Diagnosis of leptospirosis : evaluation of a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay in different stages of the disease

Objetivo. Desarrollar un enzimoinmunoensayo en fase sólida (ELISA) para la determinación de inmunoglobulinas G (IgG) (específico de género) y evaluarlo en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad. Métodos.Se analizaron 1 077 muestras séricas de 812 pacientes con sospecha de leptospirosis derivadas al laboratorio del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) de la ciudad de Santa Fe, Argentina, entre 1999 y 2005. A partir de un criterio de definición de casos basado en los resultados de la microaglutinación (MAT) y del recuento de leucocitos, y de los valores de neutrofilia, se incluyeron en el estudio 182 casos confirmados (267 muestras), 167 casos negativos (293 muestras) y 40 casos probables (60 muestras). Cada muestra se clasificó según el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad en tres etapas: primera (25 días). En el ELISA, se utilizó como antígeno un extracto de una mezcla de las serovariedades Pyrogenes y Tarassovi cultivadas en medio líquido, tratado con ultrasonidos e inmovilizado por adsorción en placas de poliestireno. Como anticuerpo secundario se empleó un anticuerpo monoclonal de cabra anti-IgG humana conjugado con peroxidasa. El valor de corte, la sensibilidad y la especificidad del ELISA se determinaron utilizando como patrón la definición de casos. Para determinar el valor de corte óptimo se calculó el área bajo la curva de eficacia diagnóstica (curva ROC). Resultados. La sensibilidad de la prueba evaluada aumentó considerablemente en la segunda etapa (93,2%), con respecto a la primera (68,1%), y descendió en la tercera (78,8%). La especificidad aumentó gradualmente desde el 96,3% en la primera etapa hasta el 100% en la tercera. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos indican que esta prueba de ELISA puede ser de gran utilidad como complemento de la MAT para el diagnóstico de la leptospirosis en todas las etapas y, en particular, para adelantar el diagnóstico de la enfermedad aguda.Objective. To develop a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for genusspecific immunoglobulin G (IgG) determination with leptospirosis and to evaluate the ELISA in different stages of the disease. Methods. A total of 1 077 serum samples from 812 patients with suspected leptospirosis were analyzed. The samples had come from diagnoses done in the laboratory of the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias), in the city of Santa Fe, Argentina, between 1999 and 2005. Included in the study were 182 confirmed cases (267 samples), 167 negative cases (293 samples), and 40 probable cases (60 samples) (based on case definitions based on the results from the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), leukocyte counts, and neutrophilia values). Each sample was classified, according to the days of the natural history of disease, into one of three stages: first (25 days). The antigen used in the ELISA was an extract of a mixture of pyrogenes and tarassovi serovars cultivated in a liquid medium, treated with ultrasound, and immobilized by adsorption on polystyrene plates. As a secondary antibody, a peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG monoclonal antibody was used. The cutoff value, sensitivity, and specificity of the ELISA were determined using the definitions of confirmed cases and of negatives cases as the standard. In order to determine the optimal cutoff value, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated. Results. The sensitivity of the evaluated test was much higher in the second stage (93.2%) than in either the first stage (68.1%) or the third stage (78.8%). The specificity increased gradually from 96.3% in the first stage to 100% in the third stage. Conclusions. Our results indicate that this ELISA test can be a very useful complement to the MAT for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in all the stages and, in particular, in order to diagnose acute disease sooner.Fil: Vanasco, Norma B. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Dr. Emilio Coni; Argentina.Fil: Lottersberger, Javier. Uni-versidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina.Fil: Schmeling, María F. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Dr. Emilio Coni; Argentina.Fil: Gardner, Ian A. University of California. Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; Estados Unidos.Fil: Tarabla, Héctor D. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Argentina

Diagnosis of leptospirosis : evaluation of a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay in different stages of the disease

Objetivo. Desarrollar un enzimoinmunoensayo en fase sólida (ELISA) para la determinación de inmunoglobulinas G (IgG) (específico de género) y evaluarlo en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad. Métodos.Se analizaron 1 077 muestras séricas de 812 pacientes con sospecha de leptospirosis derivadas al laboratorio del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) de la ciudad de Santa Fe, Argentina, entre 1999 y 2005. A partir de un criterio de definición de casos basado en los resultados de la microaglutinación (MAT) y del recuento de leucocitos, y de los valores de neutrofilia, se incluyeron en el estudio 182 casos confirmados (267 muestras), 167 casos negativos (293 muestras) y 40 casos probables (60 muestras). Cada muestra se clasificó según el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad en tres etapas: primera (25 días). En el ELISA, se utilizó como antígeno un extracto de una mezcla de las serovariedades Pyrogenes y Tarassovi cultivadas en medio líquido, tratado con ultrasonidos e inmovilizado por adsorción en placas de poliestireno. Como anticuerpo secundario se empleó un anticuerpo monoclonal de cabra anti-IgG humana conjugado con peroxidasa. El valor de corte, la sensibilidad y la especificidad del ELISA se determinaron utilizando como patrón la definición de casos. Para determinar el valor de corte óptimo se calculó el área bajo la curva de eficacia diagnóstica (curva ROC). Resultados. La sensibilidad de la prueba evaluada aumentó considerablemente en la segunda etapa (93,2%), con respecto a la primera (68,1%), y descendió en la tercera (78,8%). La especificidad aumentó gradualmente desde el 96,3% en la primera etapa hasta el 100% en la tercera. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos indican que esta prueba de ELISA puede ser de gran utilidad como complemento de la MAT para el diagnóstico de la leptospirosis en todas las etapas y, en particular, para adelantar el diagnóstico de la enfermedad aguda.Objective. To develop a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for genusspecific immunoglobulin G (IgG) determination with leptospirosis and to evaluate the ELISA in different stages of the disease. Methods. A total of 1 077 serum samples from 812 patients with suspected leptospirosis were analyzed. The samples had come from diagnoses done in the laboratory of the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias), in the city of Santa Fe, Argentina, between 1999 and 2005. Included in the study were 182 confirmed cases (267 samples), 167 negative cases (293 samples), and 40 probable cases (60 samples) (based on case definitions based on the results from the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), leukocyte counts, and neutrophilia values). Each sample was classified, according to the days of the natural history of disease, into one of three stages: first (25 days). The antigen used in the ELISA was an extract of a mixture of pyrogenes and tarassovi serovars cultivated in a liquid medium, treated with ultrasound, and immobilized by adsorption on polystyrene plates. As a secondary antibody, a peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG monoclonal antibody was used. The cutoff value, sensitivity, and specificity of the ELISA were determined using the definitions of confirmed cases and of negatives cases as the standard. In order to determine the optimal cutoff value, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated. Results. The sensitivity of the evaluated test was much higher in the second stage (93.2%) than in either the first stage (68.1%) or the third stage (78.8%). The specificity increased gradually from 96.3% in the first stage to 100% in the third stage. Conclusions. Our results indicate that this ELISA test can be a very useful complement to the MAT for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in all the stages and, in particular, in order to diagnose acute disease sooner.Fil: Vanasco, Norma B. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Dr. Emilio Coni; Argentina.Fil: Lottersberger, Javier. Uni-versidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina.Fil: Schmeling, María F. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Dr. Emilio Coni; Argentina.Fil: Gardner, Ian A. University of California. Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; Estados Unidos.Fil: Tarabla, Héctor D. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Argentina

[Evaluation of a reduced panel of leptospira strains for microagglutination]

To evaluate if the use of the 19 Leptospira strains panel suggested by the International Leptospirosis Society of World Health Organization for microagglutination allows confirmation of more cases that the 12 strains panel used in Argentina

[Evaluation of a reduced panel of leptospira strains for microagglutination]

To evaluate if the use of the 19 Leptospira strains panel suggested by the International Leptospirosis Society of World Health Organization for microagglutination allows confirmation of more cases that the 12 strains panel used in Argentina

Diagnostic accuracy of an IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and comparison with 2 polymerase chain reactions for early diagnosis of human leptospirosis

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may play a key role for early detection and treatment of human leptospirosis in developing countries. The aims of this study were to develop and validate an IgM ELISA under field conditions and to compare the diagnostic accuracy among IgG, IgM ELISAs, conventional PCR (cPCR), and real-time PCR (rtPCR) for early detection of human leptospirosis. Overall accuracy of IgM ELISA was sensitivity of 87.9%, specificity of 97.0%, and area under the curve of 0.940. When the 4 methods were compared, IgM ELISA showed the greatest diagnostic accuracy (J=0.6) followed by rtPCR (J=0.4), cPCR (J=0.2) and IgG ELISA (J=0.1). Our results support the use of IgM ELISA and rtPCR for early diagnosis of the disease. Moreover, due to their high specificity, they could be also useful to replace or supplement microscopic agglutination test as a confirmatory test, allowing more confirmations

Isolation and clinical sample typing of human leptospirosis cases in Argentina

Fil: Chiani, Yosena. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; Argentina.Fil: Jacob, Paulina. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; Argentina.Fil: Varni, Vanina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agrícola. Instituto de Biotecnología, Castelar, Buenos Aires; Argentina.Fil: Landolt, Noelia. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; Argentina.Fil: Schmeling, María Fernanda. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; Argentina.Fil: Pujato, Nazarena. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; Argentina.Fil: Caimi, Karina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agrícola. Instituto de Biotecnología, Castelar, Buenos Aires; Argentina.Fil: Vanasco, Bibiana N. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; Argentina.Leptospira typing is carried out using isolated strains. Because of difficulties in obtaining them, direct identification of infective Leptospira in clinical samples is a high priority. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) proved highly discriminatory for seven pathogenic species of Leptospira, allowing isolate characterization and robust assignment to species, in addition to phylogenetic evidence for the relatedness between species. In this study we characterized Leptospira strains circulating in Argentina, using typing methods applied to human clinical samples and isolates. Phylogenetic studies based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences enabled typing of 8 isolates (6 Leptospira interrogans, one Leptospira wolffii and one Leptospira broomii) and 58 out of 85 (68.2%) clinical samples (55 L. interrogans, 2 Leptospira meyeri, and one Leptospira kirschneri). MLST results for the L. interrogans isolates indicated that five were probably Canicola serogroup (ST37) and one was probably Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (ST17). Eleven clinical samples (21.6%), provided MLST interpretable data: five were probably Pyrogenes serogroup (ST13), four Sejroe (ST20), one Autumnalis (ST22) and one Canicola (ST37). To the best of our knowledge this study is the first report of the use of an MLST typing scheme with seven loci to identify Leptospira directly from clinical samples in Argentina. The use of clinical samples presents the advantage of the possibility of knowing the infecting strain without resorting to isolates. This study also allowed, for the first time, the characterization of isolates of intermediate pathogenicity species (L. wolffii and L. broomii) from symptomatic patients

Seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies in rodents from riverside communities of Santa Fe, Argentina.

BackgroundLeptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted by contact with the urine of infected mammals. Rodents play a mayor role in the transmission of leptospires to humans. The province of Santa Fe reports the greatest number of cases in Argentina. Yet, in this region, there are still knowledge gaps regarding the diversity of rodent species that may be hosts of pathogenic leptospires. The aims of this study were to evaluate the presence of leptospiral antibodies in rodents from three riverside communities of Santa Fe, and to identify factors associated with leptospiral infection.Methodology/principal findingsEach community was divided into three environmental settings based on the level of human disturbance, and sampled during two springs (Sep-Oct 2014 and 2015) and one autumn (Mar-Apr 2015). Serum samples of captured sigmodontine and murine rodents were tested for leptospiral antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and microagglutination test (MAT) was used to assess the infecting serovar in seropositive individuals. Factors influencing seropositivity were analyzed using logistic regression models. We caught 119 rodents, of which 101 serums were suitable for analysis. Most frequently trapped species were Scapteromys aquaticus, Akodon azarae and Oligoryzomys spp., with seroprevalences of 41.3%, 42.9% and 55% respectively. Seropositivity was higher in individuals with an average body condition score and in those that were sexually mature, but in the latter the differences were marginally significant.Conclusions/significanceOur results suggest that native rodents may be playing a role in the environmental circulation of pathogenic leptospires and provide relevant information for public health policies in the area