Rechtliche Voraussetzungen der Nutzung von Open-Source-Software in der öffentlichen Verwaltung, insbesondere des Kantons Bern

The work has been authored by 3 experts in enforcement law to analyse whether an administration or government may release software as open source.Das vorliegende Werk wurde von drei Rechtspraktikern im Rahmen einer Studie verfasst und beantwortet die Frage, ob es nach geltendem Recht zulässig ist, dass der Staat Software, die er selber nutzt und über deren Urheberrecht er verfügt, unter einer „Open-Source“-Lizenz der Öffentlichkeit zur Ver- fügung stellt, bzw. auf welcher föderalen Ebene und auf wel- cher Normstufe entsprechende Rechtsgrundlagen zu schaffen wären. Grundlage bildet die Situation im Kanton Bern (Schweiz) und gemäss schweizerischer Bundesverfassung

Rechtliche Voraussetzungen der Nutzung von Open-Source-Software in der öffentlichen Verwaltung, insbesondere des Kantons Bern

The work has been authored by 3 experts in enforcement law to analyse whether an administration or government may release software as open source

Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons

© 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Global and regional atmospheric measurements and modeling can play key roles in discovering and quantifying unexpected nascent emissions of environmentally important substances. We focus here on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of their roles in stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on measurements of archived air samples and on in situ measurements at stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, we report global abundances, trends, and regional enhancements for HCFC-132b (CH2ClCClF2), which is newly discovered in the atmosphere, and updated results for HCFC-133a (CH2ClCF3) and HCFC-31 (CH2ClF). No purposeful end-use is known for any of these compounds. We find that HCFC-132b appeared in the atmosphere 20 y ago and that its global emissions increased to 1.1 Gg·y−1 by 2019. Regional top-down emission estimates for East Asia, based on high-frequency measurements for 2016–2019, account for ∼95% of the global HCFC-132b emissions and for ∼80% of the global HCFC-133a emissions of 2.3 Gg·y−1 during this period. Global emissions of HCFC-31 for the same period are 0.71 Gg·y−1. Small European emissions of HCFC-132b and HCFC-133a, found in southeastern France, ceased in early 2017 when a fluorocarbon production facility in that area closed. Although unreported emissive end-uses cannot be ruled out, all three compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products in chemical production pathways. Identification of harmful emissions to the atmosphere at an early stage can guide the effective development of global and regional environmental policy

Somatic mosaicism and common genetic variation contribute to the risk of very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease

Very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) is a heterogeneous phenotype associated with a spectrum of rare Mendelian disorders. Here, we perform whole-exome-sequencing and genome-wide genotyping in 145 patients (median age-at-diagnosis of 3.5 years), in whom no Mendelian disorders were clinically suspected. In five patients we detect a primary immunodeficiency or enteropathy, with clinical consequences (XIAP, CYBA, SH2D1A, PCSK1). We also present a case study of a VEO-IBD patient with a mosaic de novo, pathogenic allele in CYBB. The mutation is present in ~70% of phagocytes and sufficient to result in defective bacterial handling but not life-threatening infections. Finally, we show that VEO-IBD patients have, on average, higher IBD polygenic risk scores than population controls (99 patients and 18,780 controls; P < 4 × 10-10), and replicate this finding in an independent cohort of VEO-IBD cases and controls (117 patients and 2,603 controls; P < 5 × 10-10). This discovery indicates that a polygenic component operates in VEO-IBD pathogenesis