Clinical Features of Children With Autism Who Passed 18-Month Screening

We examine birth-cohort trends behind recent changes in the prevalence of functional disability in the older population living in private households in the United Kingdom (UK). By using three different socio-economic indicators available in the nationally representative cross-sectional data on older individuals interviewed between 2002 and 2012 in the Family Resource Survey (FRS) (96,733 respondents), we investigate the extent to which the overall trends have been more favourable among more advantaged than disadvantaged socioeconomic groups. Compared to the cohort of people born in 1924, successive cohorts of older men have lower odds of having at least one functional difficulty (FD), whereas no significant trend was found for women. Among people with at least one FD, however, the number of disabilities increases for each successive cohort of older women (incidence rate ratio 1.027, 95% confidence interval 1.023 to 1.031, P<0.001) and men (incidence rate ratio 1.028, 95% confidence interval 1.024 to 1.033, P<0.001). By allowing interactions between birth cohort and SES indicators, a significant increasing cohort trend in the number of reported FDs was found among older men and women at lower SES, whereas an almost stable pattern was observed at high SES. Our results suggest that the overall slightly increasing birth-cohort trend in functional difficulties observed among current cohorts of older people in the UK hides underlying increases among low SES individuals and a relative small reduction among high SES individuals. Further studies are needed to understand the causes of such trends and to propose appropriate interventions. However, if the SES differentials in trends in FDs observed in the past continue, this could have important implications for the future costs of the public system of care and support for people with care needs

Clinical Features of Children With Autism Who Passed 18-Month Screening

OBJECTIVES: We compared sex-stratified developmental and temperamental profiles at 18 months in children screening negative for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) but later receiving diagnoses of ASD (false-negative group) versus those without later ASD diagnoses (true-negative group). METHODS: We included 68 197 screen-negative cases from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (49.1% girls). Children were screened by using the 6 critical items of the M-CHAT at 18 months. Groups were compared on domains of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire and the Emotionality Activity Sociability Temperament Survey. RESULTS: Despite passing M-CHAT screening at 18 months, children in the false-negative group exhibited delays in social, communication, and motor skills compared with the true-negative group. Differences were more pronounced in girls. However, with regard to shyness, boys in the false-negative group were rated as more shy than their true-negative counterparts, but girls in the false-negative group were rated as less shy than their counterparts in the true-negative group. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to reveal that children who pass M-CHAT screening at 18 months and are later diagnosed with ASD exhibit delays in core social and communication areas as well as fine motor skills at 18 months. Differences appeared to be more pronounced in girls. With these findings, we underscore the need to enhance the understanding of early markers of ASD in boys and girls, as well as factors affecting parental report on early delays and abnormalities, to improve the sensitivity of screening instruments. </jats:sec

The Synergistic Roles of Temperature and Pressure in Thermo-Compression Bonding of Au

Abstract Au-Au thermocompression bonding is a widely used technique for a variety of applications including hermetic sealing and packaging at a fine pitch. We have investigated the roles of pressure and temperature individually at different pressures (15 -100 MPa) and temperatures (150 and 250° C) of sputter deposited 1.2 μm thick Au thin films using a flattening technique. The initial surface root mean square (RMS) roughness of deposited films was 3-5 nm. Void morphology and the evolution of the interface was studied using atomic force microscopy. Power spectral density function plots were used to study variation in asperities at the surface. The void morphology and evolution was different when flattening and bonding at different temperatures and pressures.acceptedVersio

Characterization of interfacial morphology of low temperature, low pressure Au–Au thermocompression bonding

Au-Au thermocompression bonding is a versatile technique of high interest for a variety of applications. We have investigated Au-Au bonding using sputter deposited Au films under conditions of low temperature (150-250 °C) and low bonding pressure (∼3 MPa) for short times (15 min). The combination of low temperature and short times is important for applications involving both hermetic sealing and packaging scaling. The initial surface roughness of the Au film was in the 3-5 nm range with peak-to-valley heights of 20-30 nm and a lateral correlation length of ∼400 nm. For samples bonded at 150 °C, the void morphology at the bonded interface was related to the initial surface roughness. The void morphology was different when bonding at the higher temperatures: the void length (along the bonded interface) decreased significantly but the void height (perpendicular to the interface) increased. These results can be understood in terms of a combination of increased surface Au diffusivity and decreased yield stress and elastic modulus with increased bonding temperature. © 2018 The Japan Society of Applied Physics.acceptedVersio

The Synergistic Roles of Temperature and Pressure in Thermo-Compression Bonding of Au

Abstract Au-Au thermocompression bonding is a widely used technique for a variety of applications including hermetic sealing and packaging at a fine pitch. We have investigated the roles of pressure and temperature individually at different pressures (15 -100 MPa) and temperatures (150 and 250° C) of sputter deposited 1.2 μm thick Au thin films using a flattening technique. The initial surface root mean square (RMS) roughness of deposited films was 3-5 nm. Void morphology and the evolution of the interface was studied using atomic force microscopy. Power spectral density function plots were used to study variation in asperities at the surface. The void morphology and evolution was different when flattening and bonding at different temperatures and pressures

A comparative study of cyberattacks

10.1145/2093548.2093568Communications of the ACM55366-73CACM