Origin, sedimentary geochemistry, and correlation of Middle and Late Ordovician K-bentonites: constraints from melt inclusions and zircon morphology

The present study of Paleozoic K-bentonites demonstrates that the geochemistry of melt inclusions and the morphology of zircons can be studied by inexpensive and simple-to-use methods, which rely on phenocrysts. Constraints are obtained that lead to (a) the origin of these altered volcanic ashes, (b) the geochemistry of ash-to-K-bentonite-alteration, and (c) the reliable correlation of extensively altered volcanic ashes (i.e. K-bentonites). Silicic melt inclusions (i.e. non-devitrified) have been found in quartz and zircon phenocrysts contained within Ordovician and Devonian K-bentonites from New York State, the Upper Mississippi Valley, and Pennsylvania. Origin, source, and tectonic setting of the volcanism that produced these Paleozoic volcanic ashes (i.e. K-bentonites) are constrained by the geochemistry of these inclusions. The major element compositions of the inclusions, which are small samples of the non-degassed pre-eruptive melt trapped during growth of the phenocrysts, indicate that the K-bentonites were generated by explosive eruptions of rhyolitic, high-K type magmas in a continental volcanic arc. The geochemistry of melt inclusions may furthermore be used for correlation of these volcanic ashes since stratigraphically distinct K-bentonites contain inclusions with different major element composition. Diagenetic alteration of the rhyolitic ashes to K-bentonites has strongly affected their mineralogy and bulk geochemistry. The major element composition of altered K-bentonites, which apparently depends on the composition of the dominating clay minerals and other authigenic phases (e.g., pyrite, calcite), has been compared with unaltered melt inclusions and shows the direction and magnitude of the geochemical changes that occur during diagenesis. Relative to aluminum, substantial amounts of Si, Na, K and Mn have been lost, whereas Ti, Fe and Mg have been gained in the K-bentonites. The surrounding sediments, which are enriched in SiO2 compared with sediments further away, apparently acted as a sink for the silica released from the volcanic ash. The observed enrichment of TiO2 in the K-bentonites relative to aluminum seems best explained as a result of contamination by pelagic, TiO2-rich clay particles that have settled into the voids within the unaltered volcanic ashes. The morphology of zircon populations from several K-bentonites has been studied using the classification scheme of Pupin and Turco(1972b). Applied as a petrogenetic indicator, the morphologies suggest crystallization of the zircons in I-type magmas at temperatures common for silicic volcanic rocks (i.e. \u3e750ºC). It can be demonstrated that stratigraphically different K-bentonites contain zircon populations that are morphologically distinct and can be used for correlation. At least two different K-bentonites seem to be correlated between New York State and the upper Mississippi Valley based on the morphology of zircons. The trace element abundances of Hf, Ti, P, Y, Yb, Ce, U and Th in individual zircons from several K-bentonites have been analyzed by electron microprobe. Single grains have been selected from layers which can be correlated by stratigraphy and by zircon morphology. It was found, however, that the geochemistry of zircons from stratigraphically different layers is indistinguishable and can not be used for correlation of the Paleozoic K-bentonites

OceanNETs Data Management Plan

This is the data management plan for the research project OceanNETs. It compiles OceanNETs research data output and describes the data handling during and after the projects duration with the aim to make OceanNETs research data FAIR – sustainably available for the scientific community. This data management plan is a living document; it will be continously developed in close cooperation with the consortium members throughout the project duration

HowTo - Easy use of global unique identifier

Czerniak A, Schirnick C, Fleischer D, Mehrtens H, Springer P. HowTo - Easy use of global unique identifier. Presented at the AGU Fall Meeting 2013, San Francisco, US.First Step We use our scientifi c workfl ow system to defi ne the research workfl ow step by step. In every workstep metadata information is used to prebind to the proper identifi er system (eg. ports from geographic places and not people) which can then propose adequate suggestions upon user input leading to the correct assignment of the port in question. Sometimes a mapping between identifi er resources such as the german " Gemeinsame Normdatei " (GND) for people , institutions or geographic places and another like ISNI or OrcID for people only may be necessary for legacy reasons. For example our handwriting recognition system in conjunction with " digital enabled " paper uses names and maps to relate those to the respective systems in order to retrieve a global unique identifi er which is then used to reliably relate and store information (Figure 2). Identifi er system are ubiquitous but commonly they are not global(ly known) nor are they unique (national vs. international). Usage of global identifi ers in marine research greatly enhances search and retrieval of samples, data and related information and enbales scientists all over the world to reliably share and reuse research data. For many scientifi c disciplines numerous identifi er systems exists on a national and international level allowing non-ambiguous refernce to people, institutions and geosamples (Figure 1). Our goal is to reliably integrate these unique references in our virtual research environment, the Kiel Data Management Infrastructure (KDMI), supporting scientists in national and international projects and collaborative research centers

The next generation of data capturing - digital ink for the data stewards of the future

Czerniak A, Fleischer D, Schirnick C, Springer P, Mehrtens H. The next generation of data capturing - digital ink for the data stewards of the future. Presented at the AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco.The Kiel Data Management (KDM) Infrastructure places data capturing straight in the data creation process. With this approach student education courses can be just another use case of data capturing. Smoothing this process and usage of available technologies inspired the KDM Team to prototype with " Smart Pen " and digital Ink. This technology with handwriting recognition fi lls the gap between the very long-lasting paper protocols and their manual digitalization of fi eld and sampling data. The combination of the KDM Infrastructure with the digital Ink technology enables data capturing from student education throughout high-end scientifi c lab work. The realization of persistent information started approx. 37000 years ago in the days of cave paintings (Fig. 1). In the following history stone tablets (eg. sPad) were used to record information fi rst and then a steady development of persistent information from " paper and ink feather " , " paper and printing techniques " to " computer-based information recording " happened. Until " computer-based information recording " , the paper-based recording was the choice throughout the last centuries. In many scientifi c disciplines paper-based recording remained the only option over the last decades. These data and informations need to be converted to a digital representation for further " computer-based " use. After these manual and error-prone transformations the information can be analyzed and interpreted in the context of scientifi c research

Data Management: The Data Life Cycle

The scientific site of Kiel provides support for projects with data management requirements due to project size or interdisciplinarity. This infrastructure is the Kiel Data Management Infrastructure (KDMI) and was initially created by SFB574, SFB754, Excellence Cluster ‘The Future Ocean‘ and the GEOMAR | Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. To achieve public data availability from publicly funded projects by the end of the funding period it is necessary to initiate the data acquisition during the data creation process. Accordingly the KDMI uses a three level approach to achieve this goal in SOPRAN III. Data management is al- ready involvedin the planning of expeditions or experiments. The resulting schedule for data files can be used by the project coordinationto increase the efficeny of data sharing within SOPRAN III. The scientists provide files with basic metainformation, which are available within the virtual research environment as soon as possible to all project members. Final data will be transferred to PANGAEA for long term availability when the data are analysed and interpreted in a scientific publication or by the end of SOPRAN III. The Kiel Data Management Team offers a portal for all GEOMAR and University Kiel marine projects. This portal will be used in SOPRAN III in combination with PANGAEA to fulfill the project’s data management requirements and to enhance the data sharing within SOPRAN III by a file sharing environment for preliminary data not yet suitable for PANGAEA

Author identities an interoperability problem solved by a collaborative solution

The identity of authors and data providers is crucial for personalized interoperability. The marketplace of available identifiers is packed and the right choice is getting more and more complicated. Even though there are more then 15 different systems available there are still some under development and proposed to come up by the end of 2012 ('PubMed Central Author ID' and ORCID). Data Management on a scale beyond the size of a single research institute but on the scale of a scientific site including a university with student education program needs to tackle this problem and so did the Kiel Data Management an Infrastructure. The main problem with the identities of researchers is the quite high frequency changes in positions during a scientist life. The required system needed to be a system that already contained the potential of preregistered people with their scientific publications from other countries, institutions and organizations. Scanning the author ID marketplace brought up, that there us a high risk of additional workload to the researcher itself or the administration due to the fact that individuals need to register an ID for themselves or the chosen register is not yet big enough to simply find the right entry. On the other hand libraries deal with authors and their publications now for centuries and they have high quality catalogs with person identities already available. Millions of records internationally mapped are available by collaboration with libraries and can be used in exactly the same scope. The international collaboration between libraries (VIAF) provides a mapping between libraries from the US, CA, UK, FR, GER and many more. The international library author identification system made it possible to actually reach at the first matching a success of 60% of all scientists. The additional advantage is that librarians can finalize the Identity system in a kind of background process. The Kiel Data Management Infrastructure initiated a web service at Kiel for mapping from one ID to another. This web service supports the scientific workflows for automation of the data archiving process at world data archive PANGAEA. The long-lasting concept of the library identifier enables the use of these identifiers beyond the employment period, while it has nothing to do with the institutional IDM. The access rights and ownership of data can be assured for very long time since the national library with its national scope hosts the basic system. Making use of this existing system released resourced planed for this task and enabled the chance of interoperability on an international scale for a regional data management infrastructure

Periodic report on available data

This document is the first of three periodic reports on available data