The dense gas in the largest molecular complexes of the antennae: HCN and HCO+ observations of NGC 4038/39 using ALMA

We present observations of the dense molecular gas tracers $\mathrm{HCN}$, $\mathrm{HNC}$, and ${\mathrm{HCO}}^{+}$ in the $J=1-0$ transition using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. We supplement our data sets with previous observations of $\mathrm{CO}$ $J=1-0$, which trace the total molecular gas content. We separate the Antennae into seven bright regions in which we detect emission from all three molecules, including the nuclei of NGC 4038 and NGC 4039, five super giant molecular complexes in the overlap region, and two additional bright clouds. We find that the ratio of ${L}_{\mathrm{HCN}}/{L}_{\mathrm{CO}}$, which traces the dense molecular gas fraction, is greater in the two nuclei (${L}_{\mathrm{HCN}}/{L}_{\mathrm{CO}}$ $\sim \quad 0.07-0.08$) than in the overlap region (${L}_{\mathrm{HCN}}/{L}_{\mathrm{CO}}$ $\lt 0.05$). We attribute this to an increase in pressure due to the stellar potential within the nuclei; a similar effect to what has been seen previously in the Milky Way and nearby spiral galaxies. Furthermore, the ratio of ${L}_{\mathrm{HNC}}/{L}_{\mathrm{HCN}}$ $\sim \quad 0.3-0.4$ does not vary by more than a factor of 1.5 between regions. By comparing our measured ratios to photon dominated region (PDR) models including mechanical heating, we find that the ratio of ${L}_{\mathrm{HNC}}/{L}_{\mathrm{HCN}}$ is consistent with mechanical heating contributing gsim5%–10% of the PDR surface heating to the total heating budget. Finally, the ratio of ${L}_{\mathrm{HCN}}/{L}_{\mathrm{HCO}+}$ varies from ~1 in the nucleus of NGC 4038 down to ~0.5 in the overlap region. The lower ratio in the overlap region may be due to an increase in the cosmic ray rate from the increased supernova rate within this region

Domestic Ideas and Interests in Global Governance: Comparing German and U.S. Preference Formation

Part Two of the Germany in Global Economic Governance SeriesFinancial crises underline the necessity for more effective governance of global markets. While the New Basel II Accord showed the possibility of multilaterally creating better governance, no agreement has been reached on the reform of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Why do governments agree on a reform of global financial governance in some cases, but not in others? I argue that convergence and divergence of governmental positions towards new governance cannot be explained solely by the logic of the international system nor by globalization, but instead strongly reflect domestic ideas and interests. In addition, I argue that variation in success in achieving new governance is shaped by the different impact of ideas versus interests on the ability of governments to compromise internationally. But when do ideas prevail over interests and vice versa? In this regard, I argue that ideas prevail when new governance initiatives affect lobby groups only diffusely and concern fundamental questions on the role of politics in governing the economy. Interests prevail when specific lobby groups are affected directly and when new governance initiatives try to administer the distribution of costs and gains sectorally. The arguments are tested in case studies on the preference formation of the U.S. and German governments on the reform of the IMF and on Basel II in 2001-2007

TOURNAMENTS AND OFFICE POLITICS: Evidence from a real effort experiment

In many environments, tournaments can elicit more effort from workers, except perhaps when workers can sabotage each other. Because it is hard to separate effort, ability and output in many real workplace settings, the empirical evidence on the incentive effect of tournaments is thin. There is even less evidence on the impact of sabotage because real world acts of sabotage are often subtle manifestations of subjective peer evaluation or “offce politics.” We discuss a real effort experiment in which effort, quality adjusted output and o?ce politics are compared under piece rates and tournaments. Our results suggest that tournaments increase e?ort only in the absence of offce politics. Competitors are more likely to sabotage each other in tournaments and, as a result, workers actually provide less e?ort simply because they expect to be the victims of sabotage. Adjusting output for quality with the rating of an independent auditor shrinks the incentive effect of the tournament even further since output tends to become more slipshod. "The person who says ‘I’m not political’ is in great danger... Only the fittest will survive, and the fittest will be the ones who understand their offce’s politics." Jean Hollands, quoted in Playing Offce Politics, Newsweek, 16 September 1985

Collaborative Education Through a Foster Grandparent Program: Enhancing Intergenerational Relations

The collaborative efforts of one College of Nursing\u27s successful interface with a local Foster Grandparent Program (FGP) is presented. Toe importance of academic aff tliations to achievement of intergenerational program goals is addressed through a discussion of evaluation results that show positive effects on the well-being of FGP participants. Implications for continued development of intergenerational education and research programs that focus on foster grandparents and children and adolescents are explored. The value of involving older and younger generations in nursing education and nursing practice is highlighted through a discussion of Healthy People 2000 objectives

A Comparative Analysis of the Rationality of Consensus Forecasts of U. S. Economic Indicators

The purpose of this article is to investigate the rationality of two survey forecasts of selective U. S. macroeconomic performance measures that were widely followed in the financial markets during the 1990-2000 period. The research compares the rationality of survey forecast data from Money Market Services, Inc., and Thomson Financial. This article extends prior research that has evaluated the rationality of Money Market Services data for earlier time periods while also evaluating similar consensus forecast data from Thomson Financial that were widely reported in both Barron\u27s and the Wall Street Journal during the 1990s

Transnational Globalization & Regional Governance. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 06.2, July 1996

Since the end of the 1980s, international relations has experienced a resurgence of regionalism in Europe (Single Market, Maastricht) and the Americas (NAFTA, MERCOSUR). Why did regional economic cooperation gain mo­ mentum? Theoretical approaches have proved the relevance of institutions, intergovernmental bargains, and na­ tional interest formation for the emergence of cooperation, but fall short in explaining why new cooperative moves happened in the late 1980s and early 1990s and not earlier. This paper argues that the simultaneous con­vergence of interests favoring regional organization of states was stimulated by transnational globalization. Since the early 1980s, states had to adapt to the pressures from transnational globalization, from actors and systems which are not shaped by national territories and interests, and which undermined traditional national economic policy and domestic coalitions. Under the new circumstances, joint regional governance on specific policy areas became an attractive option to respond to new constraints. With the conceptualization of transnational globalization as an explanatory factor for regional cooperation this paper does not dismiss other approaches, but rather attempts to complement the research agenda by shedding light on a crucial-but often neglected-aspect of international relations

Nature\u27s way

Immerse yourself in the timber with this hunter and read about what some consider to be a sacred sport