Die dreifache Stellung der Reflexion zu ihren Gründen in Hegels Logik

Wie kann sich das Denken zu seinen eigenen Prinzipien verhalten? Seit Aristoteles Bestimmung des Widerspruchsprinzips als unmittelbarer Voraussetzung allen Erkennens scheint das Denken vor der mehr schlechten als rechten Alternative zu stehen, entweder auf einem für es selbst nicht einholbaren Grunde basieren oder sich in einen Zirkel verwickeln zu müssen. Mit Hegels Logik wird dieses Problem als das von Begründung und Inanspruchnahme der Reflexionsbestimmungen zu beantworten versucht

Validity of Chatbot Use for Mental Health Assessment: Experimental Study

BACKGROUND: Mental disorders in adolescence and young adulthood are major public health concerns. Digital tools such as text-based conversational agents (ie, chatbots) are a promising technology for facilitating mental health assessment. However, the human-like interaction style of chatbots may induce potential biases, such as socially desirable responding (SDR), and may require further effort to complete assessments. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of chatbots for mental health assessments, the effect of assessment mode on SDR, and the effort required by participants for assessments using chatbots compared with established modes. METHODS: In a counterbalanced within-subject design, we assessed 2 different constructs—psychological distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and Brief Symptom Inventory-18) and problematic alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-3)—in 3 modes (chatbot, paper-and-pencil, and web-based), and examined convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, we investigated the effect of mode on SDR, controlling for perceived sensitivity of items and individuals’ tendency to respond in a socially desirable way, and we also assessed the perceived social presence of modes. Including a between-subject condition, we further investigated whether SDR is increased in chatbot assessments when applied in a self-report setting versus when human interaction may be expected. Finally, the effort (ie, complexity, difficulty, burden, and time) required to complete the assessments was investigated. RESULTS: A total of 146 young adults (mean age 24, SD 6.42 years; n=67, 45.9% female) were recruited from a research panel for laboratory experiments. The results revealed high positive correlations (all P<.001) of measures of the same construct across different modes, indicating the convergent validity of chatbot assessments. Furthermore, there were no correlations between the distinct constructs, indicating discriminant validity. Moreover, there were no differences in SDR between modes and whether human interaction was expected, although the perceived social presence of the chatbot mode was higher than that of the established modes (P<.001). Finally, greater effort (all P<.05) and more time were needed to complete chatbot assessments than for completing the established modes (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that chatbots may yield valid results. Furthermore, an understanding of chatbot design trade-offs in terms of potential strengths (ie, increased social presence) and limitations (ie, increased effort) when assessing mental health were established

Peri-operative chemotherapy for the treatment of resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The role of peri-operative chemotherapy in patients with resected stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be defined. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of peri-operative chemotherapy in patients with resected stage IV CRC by performing a meta-analysis of relevant trials.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We performed a literature search to identify trials comparing patients with stage IV CRC receiving peri-operative chemotherapy and surgery with patients undergoing surgery alone. The hazard ratio (HR) was estimated to assess any survival advantage of peri-operative chemotherapy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Eight trials conducted on a total of 1174 patients were identified by a literature search. In these trials, HR estimates suggested that peri-operative chemotherapy yielded no survival advantage over surgery alone (HR, 0.94; 95%CI, 0.8-1.10; <it>p </it>= 0.43). In a subset analysis on intra-arterial chemotherapy alone, no survival benefit was evident (HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.84-1.21; <it>p </it>= 0.96; I²= 30%), whereas in the trials involving systemic chemotherapy, the difference between the groups approached statistical significance (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.53-1.04; <it>p </it>= 0.08; I²= 0%). Both peri-operative treatment groups had a significant recurrence-free survival benefit (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.95; <it>P </it>= 0.01 for hepatic arterial infusion; and HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.91; <it>p </it>= 0.003 for systemic therapy). The toxicities of chemotherapy were acceptable in most trials.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This is the first meta-analysis demonstrating the importance of peri-operative chemotherapy in the treatment of resected stage IV CRC. Although the results must be carefully interpreted because of some limitations, critical issues were identified that must be resolved by future studies.</p

Current Knowledge Management in Manual Assembly – Further Development by the Analytical Hierarchy Process, Incentive and Cognitive Assistance Systems

The complexity of manual assembly is continuously increasing due to a large variety of products, multi-product assembly or a batch size of one. To stay ahead in competency and competition, and to ensure adaptability and flexibility in today’s dynamic production environment, awareness of knowledge as the 4th factor of production, as well as the effective management of knowledge, are crucial. The present research therefore aimed at further advancing knowledge management in manual assembly by (1) assessing cognitive assistance systems and organisational incentive systems by use of an online survey distributed to German production companies, and by (2) applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a transparent decision-making tool for knowledge-based improvements in the manual assembly process and workplace design. By employing an exemplary case of two feasible assembly alternatives, the AHP was applied as a method of knowledge measurement in a specific use case revealing priorities for knowledge-based ideas. To properly compute a final priority ranking of workers’ knowledge ideas, an algorithm written in Python programming language in accordance with the problem-solving framework previously published by Thomas L. Saaty (Decision Sciences, 18: 157-177, 1987). The performance of the algorithm shows that the rating process can be standardised and automated to a high level, and that the AHP may thus provide supportive evidence for assembly optimisation. The AHP-derived results can be used as a suitable basis for a bonus-point incentive system, which should contain both material and immaterial incentives. To operationalise this, it is therefore recommended to integrate the AHP rating process into a knowledge management application of hand-held devices, such as tablets, which are widely used in the production environment

Optical inter-site spin transfer probed by energy and spin-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy

Optically driven spin transport is the fastest and most efficient process to manipulate macroscopic magnetization as it does not rely on secondary mechanisms to dissipate angular momentum. In the present work, we show that such an optical inter-site spin transfer (OISTR) from Pt to Co emerges as a dominant mechanism governing the ultrafast magnetization dynamics of a CoPt alloy. To demonstrate this, we perform a joint theoretical and experimental investigation to determine the transient changes of the helicity dependent absorption in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. We show that the helicity dependent absorption is directly related to changes of the transient spin-split density of states, allowing us to link the origin of OISTR to the available minority states above the Fermi level. This makes OISTR a general phenomenon in optical manipulation of multi-component magnetic systems. Optically driven spin transfer is the fastest process to manipulate magnetism. Here, the authors show that this process emerges as the dominant mechanism in femtosecond spin dynamics enabling to the engineering of functional magnetic systems for future all optical technologies

Arbeitszeitbedarf für die Betreuung von Biogasanlagen

The working time requirement for different methods of biogas production forms the basis for a full cost calculation as well as for the planning of working capacities in biogas plant management. The aim of this study is to quantify the time requirement under different conditions. An ergonomic analysis was carried out for ten biogas model plants which differed in terms of gas utilisation and installed capacity as well as of substrate usage (energy feedstock and mass) and plant size. The results of the model calculations yielded a total working time requirement of between 679 and 2,140 MPh/year for the ten model plants from an electrical output of 75 kW to a gas supply of 700 m3 under normal conditions. The time required for feeding a plant increases in proportion to the mass and the number of different stackable substrates, low substrate bulk density also increases the time requirement. Daily tours of inspection include process monitoring, silo and fermenter sampling. The required time depends on the distances covered, which increase with plant size. Maintenance work also increases with plant size. Feeding and plant management jobs account for the largest share of total working time requirement

Picosecond x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy at the Fe L-edges with a laser-driven plasma source

Time-resolved x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) enables a unique spectroscopic view on complex spin and charge dynamics in multi-elemental magnetic materials. So far, its application in the soft-x-ray range has been limited to synchrotron-radiation sources and free-electron lasers. By combining a laser-driven plasma source with a magnetic thin-film polarizer, we generate circularly polarized photons in the soft x-ray regime, enabling the first XMCD spectroscopy at the Fe L edges in a laser laboratory. Our approach can be readily adapted to other transition metal L and rare earth M absorption edges and with a temporal resolution of < 10 ps, a wide range of ultrafast magnetization studies can be realized.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, supplemental materia

Dynamic Responses of Female Volunteers in Rear Impact Sled Tests at Two Head Restraint Distances

The objective of this study was to assess the biomechanical and kinematic responses of female volunteers with two different head restraint (HR) configurations when exposed to a low-speed rear loading environment. A series of rear impact sled tests comprising eight belted, near 50th percentile female volunteers, seated on a simplified laboratory seat, was performed with a mean sled acceleration of 2.1 g and a velocity change of 6.8 km/h. Each volunteer underwent two tests; the first test configuration, HR10, was performed at the initial HR distance ∼10 cm and the second test configuration, HR15, was performed at ∼15 cm. Time histories, peak values and their timing were derived from accelerometer data and video analysis, and response corridors were also generated. The results were separated into three different categories, HR10C (N = 8), HR15C (N = 6), and HR15NC (N= 2), based on: (1) the targeted initial HR distance [10 cm or 15 cm] and (2) whether the volunteers’ head had made contact with the HR [Contact (C) or No Contact (NC)] during the test event. The results in the three categories deviated significantly. The greatest differences were found for the average peak head angular displacements, ranging from 10\ub0 to 64\ub0. Furthermore, the average neck injury criteria (NIC) value was 22% lower in HR10C (3.9 m2/s2), and 49% greater in HR15NC (7.4 m2/s2) in comparison to HR15C (5.0 m2/s2). This study supplies new data suitable for validation of mechanical or mathematical models of a 50th percentile female. A model of a 50th percentile female remains to be developed and is urgently required to complement the average male models to enhance equality in safety assessments. Hence, it is important that future protection systems are developed and evaluated with female properties taken into consideration too. It is likely that the HR15 test configuration is close to the limit for avoiding HR contact for this specific seat setup. Using both datasets (HR15C and HR15NC), each with its corresponding HR contact condition, will be possible in future dummy or model evaluation