Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution

Microglia have critical roles not only in neural development and homeostasis, but also in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system(1-4). These highly diverse and specialized functions may be executed by subsets of microglia that already exist in situ, or by specific subsets of microglia that develop from a homogeneous pool of cells on demand. However, little is known about the presence of spatially and temporally restricted subclasses of microglia in the central nervous system during development or disease. Here we combine massively parallel single-cell analysis, single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization, advanced immunohistochemistry and computational modelling to comprehensively characterize subclasses of microglia in multiple regions of the central nervous system during development and disease. Single-cell analysis of tissues of the central nervous system during homeostasis in mice revealed specific time- and region-dependent subtypes of microglia. Demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases evoked context-dependent subtypes of microglia with distinct molecular hallmarks and diverse cellular kinetics. Corresponding clusters of microglia were also identified in healthy human brains, and the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis. Our data provide insights into the endogenous immune system of the central nervous system during development, homeostasis and disease, and may also provide new targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathologies

Women out, children out : the effect of female labor on portuguese preschool enrollment rates

This article tests whether Portuguese female activity rates have increased preschool enrollment rates. Particularly during the last 20 years, Portuguese women have assumed new roles in the marketplace and have become active workers outside of the home environment. This change has encouraged more sensible decisions with respect to preschool enrollment. Using cointegration techniques, we concluded that female activity rates and real income per capita caused a long-term increase in preschool enrollment rates. Although the percentage of agricultural gross value added to the gross domestic product and the number of preschool institutes were also found to be significant in the estimated vector error correction model, their causal relationship with preschool enrollment was only short term.COMPETE; QREN; FEDER; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Asymmetry of the anterior cerebral artery in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: The phantom menace!

Roll 707. Cary - Bouhasin Wedding (A). Image 22 of 30. (8 April 1961) [PHO 1.707.22]The Boleslaus Lukaszewski (Father Luke) Photographs contain more than 28,000 images of Saint Louis University people, activities, and events between 1951 and 1970. The photographs were taken by Boleslaus Lukaszewski (Father Luke), a Jesuit priest and member of the University's Philosophy Department faculty

Freiburg Neuropathology Case Conference

Purpose!#!After coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms, it is currently not well understood whether the initial coil packing density or the type of aneurysm residual perfusion, depicted by the modified Raymond-Roy occlusion classification, primarily effects the rate of aneurysm recurrence. We hypothesized that these factors interact and only one remains an independent risk factor.!##!Methods!#!In this single center retrospective study, 440 patients with intracranial ruptured and unruptured aneurysms between 2010 and 2017 were screened. A total of 267 patients treated with stand-alone coiling, with or without stent or balloon assistance were included (age 54.1 ± 12.2 years, sex 70.4% female). Flow diverter or Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device implantation were exclusion criteria.!##!Results!#!Using a binary logistic regression model, independent risk factors for aneurysm recurrence were postinterventional modified Raymond-Roy occlusion classification class (Odds ratio [OR] 1.747, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.231-2.480) and aneurysm diameter (OR 1.145, CI 1.032-1.271). A trend towards a higher recurrence in ruptured aneurysms did not reach significance (OR 1.656, CI 0.863-3.179). Aneurysm localization, packing density, and neck width were not independently associated with aneurysm recurrence.!##!Conclusion!#!Independent risk factors for aneurysm recurrence after coil embolization with and without stent or balloon assistance were aneurysm diameter and postinterventional grading within the modified Raymond-Roy occlusion classification. Packing density interacted with the latter and was not independently associated to recurrence