Проблемы и перспективы развития агропромышленного комплекса Украины

In dit onderzoek wordt onderzocht of de negatieve reacties op morele weigeraars voortkomen uit de weigering, of uit de morele gronden voor deze weigering. Bovendien wordt onderzocht of deze negatieve reacties vooral optreden bij mensen met een sterke morele identiteit en of lichamelijke reiniging de bedreigde identiteit kan herstellen. Participanten (N = 110) werden gevraagd om een stuk worst te proeven, wasten al dan niet hun handen en werden geconfronteerd met een weigeraar die de worst niet had gegeten vanuit morele of niet-morele redenen. Resultaten zijn in overeenstemming met de verwachtingen en laten zien dat mensen zich meer bedreigd voelen door morele weigeraars dan niet-morele weigeraars en dat dit speciaal geldt voor mensen met een sterke morele identiteit. Wanneer participanten echter hun handen hebben gewassen verdwijnt dit negatieve effect van morele weigeraars op het zelfbeeld

Stress and the stability of social systems: a review of neurophysiological research

Current societies are characterised by unprecedented change in demographic, economic and political terms. These changes may be rather stressful, especially for those who have most to lose, that is members of (formerly) high-status groups. In this contribution, we review research on the influence of hierarchy stability on physiological stress, making a distinction between the cardiovascular correlates of negative stress (“threat”) and positive stress (“challenge”). Results from six studies reveal that when hierarchies are stable those low in rank show threat, while when hierarchies are unstable, those high in rank show threat and those low in rank show challenge. These effects occur independently of whether rank is based on power or status, or on interpersonal or inter-group comparisons. Results are discussed in terms of theories on power and identity, and implications for (interventions for) inter-group conflict and health.Social decision makin

Group-based flow: The influence of cardiovascular synchronization and identifiability

Previous work has demonstrated the role of group-based flow in group performance and experience, but the physiological correlates of these relations are largely unknown. We examined the relation between cardiovascular synchronization, self-reported flow, and performance in a three-person online gaming task. We included measures of Heart Rate (HR), Pre-Ejection Period (PEP), and Cardiac Output (CO) as indices of task engagement and challenge (vs. threat) motivation. Group members were identifiable (i.e., visible) or anonymous during the game. Results indicated that PEP (as a marker of task engagement) and within-group synchronization in PEP, predicted flow, and that synchronization in PEP mediated the relation between group performance and experienced flow. The anonymity vs. identifiability of group members did not play a role in these effects. Results are discussed in terms of implications for flow theory, group dynamics, and physiological synchrony.Social decision makin

On the physiology of flow: bridging flow theory with the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat

We examined the relation between psychological flow and cardiovascular markers of challenge. According to flow theory and the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS-CT) optimal motivational states (flow, challenge) arise during activities where task demands meet personal resources. Participants (N = 154) played Tetris in either an underload, fit, or overload condition. Cardiovascular responses were measured during the task and a flow state scale was completed afterwards. Unexpectedly, it was in the underload condition where cardiovascular responses developed in the direction of challenge. Moreover, it was under this condition where relative challenge related positively to both task performance and self-reported flow. Similar results were found for cardiovascular markers of task engagement. In line with the BPS-CT, when only selecting clearly task-engaged participants a tendency towards challenge was found in the fit condition. We discuss why flow and challenge might have co-occurred in the underload condition, as well as the further theoretical and methodological implications of the study. We conclude that at least under some circumstances flow and challenge relate to each other but that future research should examine this relation further.​​​​Social decision makin

The physical and emotional results of hysterectomy

Our interest in the physical and emotional results of hysterectomy was stimulated by recent letters in the British Medical Journal concerning the psychological preparation of patients for hysterectomy and especially by Or. K. Dalton's dismal picture of the aftermath of the operation. In our practices we deal mainly with a rural community in the Eastern Cape consisting of wool, apple and citrus farmers and their families. This report is a follow-up of patients treated by hysterectomy during the last 5 years

Value alignment and public perceived legitimacy of the European Union and the Court of Justice

The present study aims to extend research on the role of values for the perceived legitimacy of legal authorities by focusing on (1) supranational legal authorities and (2) a broad range of values. We examine how (alignment between) people’s personal values and their perception of the values of the European Union (EU) are related to perceived legitimacy of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) and the EU more broadly. Inspired by moral foundations theory, we distinguish between individualizing (i.e., “democracy”, “liberty”, and “fairness”) and binding values (i.e., “rule of law”, “respect for national authority”, and “respect for tradition”). An online survey was conducted in six EU member states (N = 1,136). A factor analysis confirmed a two-factor model (individualizing vs. binding values) for both personal values and perceived EU values. Four regression models were run for each of the value factors, including personal values, perceived EU values, and their interaction, on each of the outcomes (i.e., perceived CJEU and EU legitimacy). Perceived endorsement by the EU of both individualizing and binding values predicted higher legitimacy perceptions of the CJEU and EU. Furthermore, personal binding values had a negative effect on perceived EU legitimacy when participants perceived the EU to weakly support binding values, but a positive effect when the EU was perceived to strongly support binding values. The results suggest that value alignment plays an important role in perceived legitimacy of the CJEU and EU, and that better representing binding values might be a strategy to improve perceived EU legitimacy.Social decision makin

Freezing in response to social threat: a replication

Freezing is an adaptive defensive response to a stressful event. Recent research suggests that freezing not only occurs in response to physical threats but also in response to social threats (e.g., angry faces; Roelofs et al. in Psychol Sci 21:1575–1581, 2010). Given the practical and theoretical importance of this finding, the current study aimed to replicate and extend it. Following the original study, we measured heart rate while participants viewed emotional faces (angry, happy, neutral). Extending the original study, we included a baseline measure and performed additional, more fine-grained analyses. Our results support the hypothesis that participants show physiological signs of freezing when looking at angry faces. Importantly, we also find this effect when comparing heart rate in the angry block to baseline levels. Interestingly, the heart rate effects are explained by deceleration in the first 30 s of the 1-min angry block, but not in the second 30 s. Like Roelofs et al., we find evidence that the effects are modulated by state anxiety, but our effects are only marginal and we do not replicate the negative correlation between heart rate and state anxiety in the angry block. In general, we thus find evidence for physiological signs of freezing in response to social threat. We discuss implications and venues for future research.Social decision makin

The integration of subgroups at the supranational level: the relation between social identity, national threat, and perceived legitimacy of the EU

Previous research suggests that social identity influences public attitudes about the European Union, but little is known about the role of social identity for perceived legitimacy of the EU. This article explores the relation between different forms of identification (national, EU, dual) and EU legitimacy perceptions, and the moderation of this relationship by experienced threat to national power and sociocultural identity. A survey was conducted in six countries (N = 1136). A factor analysis of legitimacy items resulted in two subscales (institutional trust and duty to obey). Separate regression analyses were therefore run on these subscales. All forms of identification were positively related to perceived EU legitimacy, while threat was a strong and universal negative predictor. However, the results suggest that national identification only positively predicted legitimacy when participants experienced no threat to their nation by the EU, while dual identification positively predicted legitimacy even when participants experienced threat. Overall, respect for national identities and their values may offer opportunities to safeguard and improve the perceived legitimacy of the EU. Findings are discussed in terms of the literature on the ingroup projection model and the common ingroup model.The progression of EU law: Accommodating change and upholding valuesSocial decision makin

Coping with conflict: Testosterone and cortisol changes in dealing with disagreement about values vs. resources

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Assessing the effects of a real-life contact intervention on prejudice toward LGBT people

Prejudice against sexual and gender minorities (e.g., LGBT people) is quite prevalent and is harmful. We examined an existing-and often-used-contact intervention in pre-existing groups in an educational setting and assessed its effectiveness in reducing different forms of LGBT negativity. We focused particularly on modern LGBT negativity: a relatively subtle form of prejudice, involving ambivalence, denial, and/or the belief that there is too much attention for LGBT prejudice. We used a mixed design in which condition (experimental vs. control group) was the between-participants factor, which was randomized at the group level, and time (pretest vs. posttest vs. follow-up) was the within-participants factor (N = 117). Interventions were video recorded and the behavior of LGBT educators and participants was coded. Participants responded positively to the intervention, especially to the LGBT educator's "coming-out story." Exploratory analysis of the video data indicated that the perceived effectiveness of the intervention was higher in groups where participants were more engaged, although caution is necessary in interpreting this finding. The most important measure indicated that modern LGBT negativity decreased in the intervention groups directly after the intervention, but returned to baseline levels one week later. However, in the control condition, modern LGBT negativity had increased over time. Taken together, this suggests that an actual reduction in modern LGBT negativity was short-lived (i.e., the intervention effect disappeared within 7 days).Social decision makin