Competition of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate with Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate and Effector Sugar Phosphates at the Reaction Centers of the Spinach Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase

The Stimulation of the carboxylase reaction by effectors of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxyl­ ase/oxygenase displays higher sensitivity towards pyridoxal 5'-phosphate inhibition than the catalytical process itself. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding to the enzyme is not affected by the modulators 6-phospho-gluconate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate at low concentrations at which these agents stimulate the carboxylation rate. At higher concentrations these sugar phosphates protect the enzyme against pyridoxal 5'-phos-phate inhibition in a similar fashion like the substrate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. Such protection experiments in combination with spectrophotometrical studies of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding demonstrate two binding states of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate at the reaction centers of the enzyme with different requirements for Mg2+. 6-Phosphogluconate functions as protector only in the presence of Mg2+. Our results imply a competition between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and substrate or effector sugar phosphates at the reaction centers of the spinach carboxylase. It is proposed that the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate inhibition of the stimulatory activity of these effectors originates from a modification of the regulatory sites of the enzyme caused by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding to the catalytical sites

Level-Based Analysis of Genetic Algorithms and Other Search Processes

The fitness-level technique is a simple and old way to derive upper bounds for the expected runtime of simple elitist evolutionary algorithms (EAs). Recently, the technique has been adapted to deduce the runtime of algorithms with non-elitist populations and unary variation operators [2,8]. In this paper, we show that the restriction to unary variation operators can be removed. This gives rise to a much more general analytical tool which is applicable to a wide range of search processes. As introductory examples, we provide simple runtime analyses of many variants of the Genetic Algorithm on well-known benchmark functions, such as OneMax, LeadingOnes, and the sorting problem

Towards a Runtime Comparison of Natural and Artificial Evolution

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) form a popular optimisation paradigm inspired by natural evolution. In recent years the field of evolutionary computation has developed a rigorous analytical theory to analyse the runtimes of EAs on many illustrative problems. Here we apply this theory to a simple model of natural evolution. In the Strong Selection Weak Mutation (SSWM) evolutionary regime the time between occurrences of new mutations is much longer than the time it takes for a mutated genotype to take over the population. In this situation, the population only contains copies of one genotype and evolution can be modelled as a stochastic process evolving one genotype by means of mutation and selection between the resident and the mutated genotype. The probability of accepting the mutated genotype then depends on the change in fitness. We study this process, SSWM, from an algorithmic perspective, quantifying its expected optimisation time for various parameters and investigating differences to a similar evolutionary algorithm, the well-known (1+1) EA. We show that SSWM can have a moderate advantage over the (1+1) EA at crossing fitness valleys and study an example where SSWM outperforms the (1+1) EA by taking advantage of information on the fitness gradient

Technetium chemistry, oxidation states and species

Pertechnetic and perrhenic acids behave as very strong acids, Ka ~ 108. Their extensive dehydration to M2O7 in such media as 7 M sulphuric acid complicates a spectrophotometric comparison of acid strengths. Chloroform extractable TcO3Cl forms from pertechnetate in the presence of chloride ion and concentrated sulphuric acid. The (VII) state of this compound is confirmed and its spectrum described. No evidence of unusual technetium (VII) species, in aqueous media of 1 N base to 1 N acid, has been found. The red colour of concentrated aqueous HTcO4 is ascribed to a lower (VI) or (V) state. The existence in alkaline media of a technetate, TcO42-, species has been re-examined. Some (IV) and (III) state species are partially characterized, but no Tc2O3 could be isolated.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33360/1/0000758.pd

Planung und Fertigung eines CFK-Monocoques für ein Hocheffizienzfahrzeug

Das Team Schluckspecht der Hochschule Offenburg fährt seit 1998 bei dem Wettbewerb Shell-Eco-Marathon beachtliche Erfolge mit Leichtbaufahrzeugen ein. Seit der ersten Teilnahme an diesem Wettbewerb, werden die Fahrzeuge kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt und den von der Rennleitung vorausgesetzten Bedingungen an-gepasst. Im Jahr 2020 soll der mittlerweile schon 17 Jahre alte Schluckspecht 3 durch den neu entwickelten Schluckspecht 6 ersetzten werden. Zu Beginn dieser Bachelorthesis liegt bereits eine gefertigte Negativform des Monocoques aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff vor. Das Ziel der Bachelorthesis ist die Fertigung des Monocoques aus kohlenstofffaserverstärktem Kunststoff. Nach der Recherche zu den theoretischen Grundlagen erfolgen das Planen und Durchführen von Versuchen. Die Versuche dienen zur Lösungsfindung der zuvor festgelegten Aufgabenstellungen für die Fertigung des Monocoques. Es werden Versuche zu den im Fahrzeug zu platzierenden Inlays, der Fensterbefestigung, den Ab-schusskanten und Übergängen am Fahrzeug und dem Kabelkanal durchgeführt. Anhand der Versuchsergebnisse wird die Zielvariante für das zu fertigende Monocoque festgelegt. Alle relevanten festgelegten Maßnahmen müssen mit den im Projekt beteiligten Bauteilverantwortlichen abgeklärt werden. Die Bearbeitung der Negativform beinhaltet das Versteifen mit Holzstreben und eine Wärmebehandlung. Daraufhin werden zwei Backvorgänge zum Aushärten des Fahrzeugs durchgeführt. Abgeschlossen wird die Fertigung mit dem Finishing des Monocoques. Die Herausforderung dieses Projekts besteht darin, das angeeignete Wissen zunächst auf die Versuche und schlussendliche auf die Fertigung des gesamte Monocoque zu übertragen

Fitness Landscapes Based on Sorting and Shortest Path Problems

The analysis of evolutionary algorithms is up to now limited to special classes of functions and fitness landscapes. It is not possible to describe those subproblems of NP-hard optimization problems where certain evolutionary algorithms work in polynomial time. Therefore, fitness landscapes based on important computer science problems as sorting and shortest paths problems are investigated here. Although it cannot be expected that evolutionary algorithms outperform the well-known problem specific algorithms on these simple problems, it is interesting to analyze how evolutionary algorithms work on these fitness landscapes which are based on practical problems. The following results are obtained: -- Sorting is the maximization of "sortedness" which is measured by one of several well-known measures of presortedness. The different measures of presortedness lead to fitness landscapes of quite different difficulty for EAs

Aufbau einer Datenbank fuer chemische Stoffe mit Trivialnamen unter Einbeziehung pharmazeutischer Handelsnamen und der Aufbau der Stoffdatenbank INFOTHERM Abschlussbericht

The development and plannes extens of the databases and the resulting prints for 'Trivialnames' and Negwer 'Organic - chemical drugs and their synonyms' was realized. Integration of the existing substance data inventories and further development for the thermodynamic material database DETHERM in the STN Onlinesystem will be done. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: DtF QN1(39,43) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman