1,964 research outputs found
THE SYNTHESIS, ASSEMBLY, AND SECRETION OF GAMMA GLOBULIN BY MOUSE MYELOMA CELLS : VI. ASSEMBLY OF IGM PROTEINS
The study of the synthesis, assembly, and secretion of IgM by seven murine myeloma tumors has revealed that free mu chain can be detected intracellularly after release from the ribosome. It combines with light chains to form µL. The major intracellular protein in six of the seven tumors was the 8S subunit. One tumor contained considerable amounts of 19S material intracellularly. Those tumors that did not contain 19S IgM intracellulariy appeared to assemble the subunits outside the cell
A detailed view into the eruption clouds of Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, using Doppler radar
Using Doppler radar technology we are able to show that eruptions at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, are comprised of multiple explosive degassing pulses occurring at a frequency of 0.2 to 0.3 Hz. The Doppler radar system was installed about 2.7 km away from the active dome on the top of Santa Maria volcano. During four days of continuous measurement 157 eruptive events were recorded. The Doppler radar data reveals a vertical uplift of the dome surface of about 50 cm immediately prior to a first degassing pulse. Particle velocities range from 10 to 15 m/s (in the line of sight of the radar). In 80% of the observed eruptions a second degassing pulse emanates from the dome with significantly higher particle velocities (20-25 m/s again line of sight) and increased echo power, which implies an increase in mass flux. We carry out numerical experiments of ballistic particle transport and calculate corresponding synthetic radar signals. These calculations show that the observations are consistent with a pulsed release of material from the dome of Santiaguito volcano
AID Overlapping and Polη Hotspots Are Key Features of Evolutionary Variation Within the Human Antibody Heavy Chain (IGHV) Genes
© Copyright © 2020 Tang, Bagnara, Chiorazzi, Scharff and MacCarthy. Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of the immunoglobulin variable (IgV) loci is a key process in antibody affinity maturation. The enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID), initiates SHM by creating C → U mismatches on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). AID has preferential hotspot motif targets in the context of WRC/GYW (W = A/T, R = A/G, Y = C/T) and particularly at WGCW overlapping hotspots where hotspots appear opposite each other on both strands. Subsequent recruitment of the low-fidelity DNA repair enzyme, Polymerase eta (Polη), during mismatch repair, creates additional mutations at WA/TW sites. Although there are more than 50 functional immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) segments in humans, the fundamental differences between these genes and their ability to respond to all possible foreign antigens is still poorly understood. To better understand this, we generated profiles of WGCW hotspots in each of the human IGHV genes and found the expected high frequency in complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that encode the antigen binding sites but also an unexpectedly high frequency of WGCW in certain framework (FW) sub-regions. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of these overlapping AID hotspot profiles revealed that one major difference between IGHV families is the presence or absence of WGCW in a sub-region of FW3 sometimes referred to as “CDR4.” Further differences between members of each family (e.g., IGHV1) are primarily determined by their WGCW densities in CDR1. We previously suggested that the co-localization of AID overlapping and Polη hotspots was associated with high mutability of certain IGHV sub-regions, such as the CDRs. To evaluate the importance of this feature, we extended the WGCW profiles, combining them with local densities of Polη (WA) hotspots, thus describing the co-localization of both types of hotspots across all IGHV genes. We also verified that co-localization is associated with higher mutability. PCA of the co-localization profiles showed CDR1 and CDR2 as being the main contributors to variance among IGHV genes, consistent with the importance of these sub-regions in antigen binding. Our results suggest that AID overlapping (WGCW) hotspots alone or in conjunction with Polη (WA/TW) hotspots are key features of evolutionary variation between IGHV genes
Exploring Metacognition as a Support for Learning Transfer
The ability to transfer learning to new situations lies at the heart of lifelong learning and the employability of university graduates. Because students are often unaware of the importance of learning transfer and staff do not always explicitly articulate this expectation, this article explores the idea that metacognition (intentional awareness and the use of that awareness) might enhance the development of learning transfer. Our exploratory study includes results from a survey of 74 staff and 118 students from five institutions in Australia, Belgium, UK, and USA. Our data indicate that many staff and a majority of students do not have a clear understanding of what learning transfer entails, and that there are many mismatches between staff and student perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors regarding learning transfer. This helps explain why learning transfer does not occur as often as it could. We found significant positive correlations between thinking about transfer and thinking about learning processes and the likelihood to use awareness to guide practice. These support the idea that metacognition might enhance learning transfer. We offer suggestions for future scholarship of teaching and learning
Effect of Hadron Dynamics on the Proton Lifetime
A detailed, quantitative re-examination of the effect of hadron dynamics on
baryon decay, modeled in terms of Skyrme-field tunneling, indicates that any
hadronic suppression should be quite mild. This appears to be another
illustration of the `Cheshire-cat' phenomenon, that variation of the
apportionment between description of the nucleon as a bag of quarks and
description as a Skyrme field configuration has little influence on many
nucleon properties. Perhaps the largest remaining uncertainty in evaluating the
decay rate has to do with the overlap between a specified quark-antiquark
configuration and a final meson state.Comment: minor corrections, 19 pages, 9 figure
Reformulating the Schrodinger equation as a Shabat-Zakharov system
We reformulate the second-order Schrodinger equation as a set of two coupled
first order differential equations, a so-called "Shabat-Zakharov system",
(sometimes called a "Zakharov-Shabat" system). There is considerable
flexibility in this approach, and we emphasise the utility of introducing an
"auxiliary condition" or "gauge condition" that is used to cut down the degrees
of freedom. Using this formalism, we derive the explicit (but formal) general
solution to the Schrodinger equation. The general solution depends on three
arbitrarily chosen functions, and a path-ordered exponential matrix. If one
considers path ordering to be an "elementary" process, then this represents
complete quadrature, albeit formal, of the second-order linear ODE.Comment: 18 pages, plain LaTe
Local Casimir Energy For Solitons
Direct calculation of the one-loop contributions to the energy density of
bosonic and supersymmetric phi-to-the-fourth kinks exhibits: (1) Local mode
regularization. Requiring the mode density in the kink and the trivial sectors
to be equal at each point in space yields the anomalous part of the energy
density. (2) Phase space factorization. A striking position-momentum
factorization for reflectionless potentials gives the non-anomalous energy
density a simple relation to that for the bound state. For the supersymmetric
kink, our expression for the energy density (both the anomalous and
non-anomalous parts) agrees with the published central charge density, whose
anomalous part we also compute directly by point-splitting regularization.
Finally we show that, for a scalar field with arbitrary scalar background
potential in one space dimension, point-splitting regularization implies local
mode regularization of the Casimir energy density.Comment: 18 pages. Numerous new clarifications and additions, of which the
most important may be the direct derivation of local mode regularization from
point-splitting regularization for the bosonic kink in 1+1 dimension
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