19 research outputs found

    Competent uses of competence : on the difference between a value-judgment and empirical assessability

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    This article considers the concept of Competence as applied to educational theory and policy, and illuminates the possibility of significant variations in meaning. Referring to Wittgenstein’s distinctions between transitive and intransitive uses of notions and Holland’s description of mastery, the article argues in favour of two senses in which someone can be described as being competent: i) as expressive of a value judgment; and ii) as pointing to a person’s (formal) qualifications. While the latter opens a path towards different forms of measurements of competence, being competent as a value judgment eludes any such treatment. Making this distinction, it is argued that competence is a less illuminative theoretical term than, for example, the pair of concepts Bildung versus Ausbildung ((self-)subjectivation vs training), that has been used in the Continental tradition in order to describe a similar distinction. With examples from educational contexts, the article demonstrates that the moment educational theory is using one word for two meanings, this central distinction in education is either concealed or forgotten. Focusing on competence purely as an empirically assessable notion risks playing into the hands of instrumentalising education.Peer reviewe

    Educar el juicio. Aprendiendo de la didĂĄctica de la filosofĂ­a y de las manualidades

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    Teachers in vocational education face two problems. (1) Learning involves the ability to transcend and modify learned knowledge to new circumstances. How should vocational education prepare students for future, unknown tasks? (2) Students should strive to produce work of good quality. How does vocational education help them develop their faculty of judgment to differentiate between better and worse quality? These two questions are tightly interwoven. The paper compares the didactics of philosophy and sloyd. Both developed independently, but their solutions to how one advances the capacity for reflective judgment are similar. Central to this capacity is not merely devising efficient means to work towards pre-existing aims, but to reflect in practice on what one’s aim are and should be. This implies reflection on what future problems, as well as solutions to them, demand of us cognitively, socially and morally.Profesores de la enseñanza vocacional se enfrentan con dos problemas. (1) El aprendizaje incluye la capacidad para modificar conocimientos adquiridos a nuevas circunstancias. ÂżCĂłmo deberĂ­a la educaciĂłn vocacional preparar los estudiantes para futuras, todavĂ­a desconocidas tareas? (2) Los estudiantes deberĂ­an producir trabajos de buena calidad. ÂżEn quĂ© modo les ayuda la educaciĂłn vocacional a desarrollar su habilidad para distinguir entre mejor y peor calidad? Estas dos preguntas son fuertemente enlazadas. El artĂ­culo compara la didĂĄctica de la filosofĂ­a con la didĂĄctica de las manualidades. Las dos se han venido desarrollando independientemente, pero la similitud entre sus respectivas soluciones para fomentar el desarrollo de la capacidad de reflexiĂłn es significativa. Tal capacidad no se centra Ășnicamente en idear modos eficaces para laborar hacia metas predefinidas, sino implica reflexionar en la prĂĄctica sobre la meta que uno tiene o deberĂ­a tener. Esto implica asimismo reflexiĂłn sobre lo que futuros obstĂĄculos y sus soluciones requieren de uno en tĂ©rminos cognitivos, sociales y morales

    Ansatser inom pedagogisk ledarskapsforskning

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    VET and the “Competency-Tetris” : Inclusion of Whom, to What, and Where?

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    The purpose of the article is to empirically analyse how the idea of inclusion is portrayed within the boundaries of the “Competency-Tetris”: a metaphor that should not be confused with the Tetris¼ game but used to theoretically capture individualised, competency-based, and managerially governed Vocational Education and Training (VET). We argue that the meaning of social inclusion within and through VET is unclear and vested by the human capital doctrines and the neoliberal assumptions from which it is derived. Whom does inclusion in VET involve, and to what and where does inclusion take place? Employing a design-based research (DBR) approach, we used abductive applications to analyse data produced through participatory ethnographic observations in VET (N=32) of which counselling sessions (n=29), meetings (n=2) and a workshop (n=1) followed with subsequent semi-structured interviews (N=12) with VET counsellor and teacher practitioners. The results identified four abstracted themes: (1) Fitting the workforce auction; (2) Multi-professional support trajectories; (3) Inclusion of qualification measures; and (4) Social and cultural learning commu-nities. Concerning inclusion, the Competency-Tetris materialised as a social divider, providing the self-governing stu-dents a fast-track to the “work-force auction,” separating them from students in need of support in their learning. Be-cause of the “go-forward” engine, equal learning for all students faces a U-turn whilst the economic value accumulated in competency-based qualification measures is accentuated. Albeit obscured, another aspiration starts to take form, requiring inclusion in VET to concern major domains of life, human encounters based on dignity, mutual respect, and social generosity approached as part of, within, and through VET.Peer reviewe

    Immeasurability loss? : An analysis of the impacts of accountability measures on counselling within VET

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    Comparative measures of learning outcomes and professional actions are set out to indicate accountability of VET. Individualisation and fragmentation of education emphasise counselling of students as support for their learning. The purpose of the article is to identify how counsellor and teacher practitioners perceive opportunities and challenges in merging their pedagogical and fundamental conventions of their work with structures and frameworks of accountability constituting their practice. Theoretically the study is influenced by socio-cultural perspectives. The analysis follows an abductive approach, reporting on the results from ethnographic observations of guidance counselling (N=29) within VET and subsequent interviews (N=12). We ask how the tension between the immeasurable and measurable contextualises within counselling, and how counselling is construed by counsellors and teachers. The results suggest adherence to quality measures in VET exchanged processes of human interactions and agreements with assumptions of outcomes. The effort of reaching the measures led to failure in achieving the purpose of what the targets are meant to underscore, portraying a disillusion of control. Accountability addressed a critical point concerning responsibility and evoked professional ethical dilemmas for the practitioners. Certain categorised actions of counselling processes were made externally visible by documentation but depleted counselling as learning processes inwards.Peer reviewe

    Kompetens. : Tre utredningar av begreppets betydelse

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    Sedan mitten av 1990-talet/början av 2000-talet har mĂ„nga pedagogiska teoretiker bytt ut begrepp som kunskap, kvalifikation, bildning och utbildning mot begreppet kompetens. Begreppet kompetens har beskrivits som ett ”tidsenligt begrepp” (Illeris 2013, s. 38), en beskrivning som leder till tvĂ„ frĂ„gor: (1) Vilken tid lever vi i som gör kompetensbegreppet mera passande Ă€n andra begrepp som tidigare har varit centrala, sĂ„som bildning, kvalifikation eller expertis? Och (2) vilka semantiska och djupgrammatiska strukturer gör just detta begrepp mera anvĂ€ndbart Ă€n andra pedagogiska begrepp? Denna pro gradu-avhandling bestĂ„r av tre publicerade artiklar som letar efter svar pĂ„ den andra frĂ„gan. I artikeln ”SvĂ„righeter i att definiera begreppet kompetens” (Schaffar 2019). kartlĂ€ggs de mĂ„nga olika betydelser som kompetens har i det svenska sprĂ„ket. Begreppet ”kompetens” anvĂ€nds bĂ„de som ett begrepp för att beskriva interpersonella och organisationsteoretiska frĂ„gor samt som en beskrivning av en förkroppsligad egenskap hos en enskild individ. Kompetens lyckas dĂ€rmed bĂ€ra pĂ„ bĂ„de en psykologisk innebörd av en inre lĂ€ggning eller disposition och en sociologisk betydelse som en kategori som organiserar uppgifter och maktförhĂ„llanden i offentliga och privata institutioner. En kort historisk översikt visar att ”kompetens” har en komplex etymologi som kan förklara dessa mĂ„nga möjliga anvĂ€ndningar och de olika ontologiska och epistemologiska antaganden som uppstĂ„r ur dem. Artikeln ”Competent uses of competence: On the difference between a value-judgement and empirical assessability” (Schaffar 2021) utgör en djupgramatisk analys av begreppet kompetens. Med hjĂ€lp av Wittgensteins distinktion mellan transitiva och intransitiva anvĂ€ndningar av begrepp (1965) och Hollands beskrivning av ”mastery” (1980) lyfter artikeln fram tvĂ„ betydelser av ”att vara kompetent”. Att vara kompetent uttrycker Ă„ ena sidan en uppskattning av personen i frĂ„ga. Det Ă€r ett vĂ€rdeomdöme. Å andra sidan pekar det pĂ„ en persons (formella) kvalifikationer. Den kontinentala pedagogiska traditionen har beskrivit denna centrala skillnad i pedagogik med begreppsparet Bildung och Ausbildung (bildning, den intransitiva betydelse kontra utbildning/trĂ€ning, den transitiva betydelsen). Artikeln kritiserar begreppet kompetens för att vara ett svagare teoretiskt begrepp dĂ„ det osynliggör denna skillnad. Den tredje artikeln ”Educating Judgment. Learning from the didactics of philosophy and sloyd” (Schaffar & Kronqvist 2017) fördjupar frĂ„gan hur det som efterstrĂ€vas med begreppet kompetens, en förmĂ„ga att agera i framtida okĂ€nda situationer, kan konkret förverkligas. (1) Att lĂ€ra sig nĂ„got implicerar att den kunskap som förmedlades i nĂ„gon mĂ„n överskrids av eleverna och studerandena. Hur ska lĂ€rare och utbildningsprogram konkret förbereder eleverna pĂ„ framtida, okĂ€nda uppgifter? (2) Studerande ska Ă€ven strĂ€va efter att producera arbete av god kvalitet. Hur kan utbildningar hjĂ€lpa dem att utveckla sin omdömesförmĂ„ga sĂ„ att de kan skilja mellan bĂ€ttre och sĂ€mre kvalitet? I artikeln jĂ€mförs filosofins och slöjdens didaktik. HĂ€r synliggörs att dessa tvĂ„ utmaningar Ă€r tĂ€tt sammanvĂ€vda i alla undervisningssituationer. Att utveckla förmĂ„gan att bruka omdömen om vad som Ă€r god kvalitet innebĂ€r alltid samtidigt att man förmĂ„r se vad som Ă€r viktigt i just den sĂ€rskilda situationen som man befinner sig i och ska utföra arbetet i. Det i sin tur lĂ„ter studerande utveckla beredskapen att Ă€ven kunna (re)agera i okĂ€nda, framtida situationer. Helheten i denna pro gradu-avhandling kritiserar införandet av begreppet kompetens som ett centralt teoretiskt och utbildningspolitiskt begrepp
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