Reading between the Lines: A Closer Look at the First Hawaiian Primer (1822)

Na ka puke liʻiliʻi The Alphabet (i kākau ʻia e ka poʻe mikionali ma ka MH 1822) i waele i ke ala e hulihia aʻe ai ka ʻike a me ka moʻomeheu kuʻuna o kānaka ma o ia mea he ʻike palapala. Ua hōʻike ʻia mai ma nā palapala like ʻole o ia au ka moʻolelo o ke paʻi a hoʻolaha ʻia ʻana o ua puke liʻiliʻi nei a me ke ʻano i loli iho ai ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka poʻe e aʻo mai ana i kona mau ʻaoʻao. Akā, a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia mai ka ʻiʻo o ia puke a me ke ʻano i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai. Nānā ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala noiʻi ia mau hiʻohiʻona ma ka pōʻaiapili pālua, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kālaiʻōlelo a me ka moʻolelo o ia au. Hōʻike pū ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ke ʻano i akakuʻu iho ai ka pīʻāpā mua loa i pehu wale i nā koneka he iwakālua a koe mai nā koneka ʻewalu o kēia au. Ma o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana iā The Alphabet me nā puke aʻo kākau na ko ʻEnelani, na ko ʻAmelika hoʻi, ma ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia ʻumikumamāwalu, maopopo koke ke kumu i kālele nui ʻia ai ka ʻike hakina ʻōlelo a me nā ana kālele ʻōlelo (pili he ʻumi o nā māhele ʻumikumamālima o ia puke liʻiliʻi i ia mau kumuhana ʻelua). Ke ʻōlelo hou ʻia nā lula o The Alphabet ma ka ʻōlelo kālaiʻōlelo o nēia au e holo nei, i loko nō o ke kamaʻāina ʻole o ia poʻe mikionali i ke ʻano nui o ka ʻokina me ke kahakō ma ka puana ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ua lohe ʻia nō naʻe e ko lākou pepeiao nā loli ma ka helu hakina ʻōlelo, ka pana hoʻi o ka leo, ke loaʻa mai ka ʻokina paha, ke kahakō paha. Ma ka pau ʻana o nēia ʻatikala, kilo ʻia nā hopunaʻōlelo he ʻuʻuku i loaʻa ma nā māhele hope ʻelima o The Alphabet, kahi e puka mai ai ka manaʻo, ʻaʻole i paʻa loa ka ʻike ʻōlelo kanaka a ua poʻe mikionali lā ma hope o ʻelua makahiki ma Hawaiʻi nei; he ʻike ʻōlelo a pilinaʻōlelo e ulu aʻe ana ma ka holo ʻana mai o nā makahiki

The Fijian Language

Humanities Open Book Program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon FoundationThis work is directed to those who want to learn more about the Fijian language. It is intended as a reference work, treating in detail such tropics as verb and noun classification, transitivity, the phonological hierarchy, orthography, specification, possession, subordination, and the definite article (among others). In addition, it is an attempt to fit these pieces together into a unified picture of the structure of the language

Consistent responses of soil microbial communities to elevated nutrient inputs in grasslands across the globe

Soil microorganisms are critical to ecosystem functioning and the maintenance of soil fertility. However, despite global increases in the inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to ecosystems due to human activities, we lack a predictive understanding of how microbial communities respond to elevated nutrient inputs across environmental gradients. Here we used high-throughput sequencing of marker genes to elucidate the responses of soil fungal, archaeal, and bacterial communities using an N and P addition experiment replicated at 25 globally distributed grassland sites. We also sequenced metagenomes from a subset of the sites to determine how the functional attributes of bacterial communities change in response to elevated nutrients. Despite strong compositional differences across sites, microbial communities shifted in a consistent manner with N or P additions, and the magnitude of these shifts was related to the magnitude of plant community responses to nutrient inputs. Mycorrhizal fungi and methanogenic archaea decreased in relative abundance with nutrient additions, as did the relative abundances of oligotrophic bacterial taxa. The metagenomic data provided additional evidence for this shift in bacterial life history strategies because nutrient additions decreased the average genome sizes of the bacterial community members and elicited changes in the relative abundances of representative functional genes. Our results suggest that elevated N and P inputs lead to predictable shifts in the taxonomic and functional traits of soil microbial communities, including increases in the relative abundances of faster-growing, copiotrophic bacterial taxa, with these shifts likely to impact belowground ecosystems worldwide

Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics of the Zero-Range Process and Related Models

We review recent progress on the zero-range process, a model of interacting particles which hop between the sites of a lattice with rates that depend on the occupancy of the departure site. We discuss several applications which have stimulated interest in the model such as shaken granular gases and network dynamics, also we discuss how the model may be used as a coarse-grained description of driven phase-separating systems. A useful property of the zero-range process is that the steady state has a factorised form. We show how this form enables one to analyse in detail condensation transitions, wherein a finite fraction of particles accumulate at a single site. We review condensation transitions in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems and also summarise recent progress in understanding the dynamics of condensation. We then turn to several generalisations which also, under certain specified conditions, share the property of a factorised steady state. These include several species of particles; hop rates which depend on both the departure and the destination sites; continuous masses; parallel discrete-time updating; non-conservation of particles and sites.Comment: 54 pages, 9 figures, review articl

AGO Recommendations for the surgical therapy of breast cancer: update 2022

The recommendations of the AGO Breast Committee on the surgical therapy of breast cancer were last updated in March 2022 (www.ago-online.de). Since surgical therapy is one of several partial steps in the treatment of breast cancer, extensive diagnostic and oncological expertise of a breast surgeon and good interdisciplinary cooperation with diagnostic radiologists is of great importance. The most important changes concern localization techniques, resection margins, axillary management in the neoadjuvant setting and the evaluation of the meshes in reconstructive surgery. Based on meta-analyses of randomized studies, the level of recommendation of an intraoperative breast ultrasound for the localization of non-palpable lesions was elevated to “++”. Thus, the technique is considered to be equivalent to wire localization, provided that it is a lesion which can be well represented by sonography, the surgeon has extensive experience in breast ultrasound and has access to a suitable ultrasound device during the operation. In invasive breast cancer, the aim is to reach negative resection margins (“no tumor on ink”), regardless of whether an extensive intraductal component is present or not. Oncoplastic operations can also replace a mastectomy in selected cases due to the large number of existing techniques, and are equivalent to segmental resection in terms of oncological safety at comparable rates of complications. Sentinel node excision is recommended for patients with cN0 status receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy after completion of chemotherapy. Minimally invasive biopsy is recommended for initially suspect lymph nodes. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, patients with initially 1 – 3 suspicious lymph nodes and a good response (ycN0) can receive the targeted axillary dissection and the axillary dissection as equivalent options

AGO recommendations for the surgical therapy of the axilla after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: 2021 Update

For many decades, the standard procedure to treat breast cancer included complete dissection of the axillary lymph nodes. The aim was to determine histological node status, which was then used as the basis for adjuvant therapy, and to ensure locoregional tumour control. In addition to the debate on how to optimise the therapeutic strategies of systemic treatment and radiotherapy, the current discussion focuses on improving surgical procedures to treat breast cancer. As neoadjuvant chemotherapy is becoming increasingly important, the surgical procedures used to treat breast cancer, whether they are breast surgery or axillary dissection, are changing. Based on the currently available data, carrying out SLNE prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not recommended. In contrast, surgical axillary management after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is considered the procedure of choice for axillary staging and can range from SLNE to TAD and ALND. To reduce the rate of false negatives during surgical staging of the axilla in pN+(CNB) stage before NACT and ycN0 after NACT, targeted axillary dissection (TAD), the removal of > 2 SLNs (SLNE, no untargeted axillary sampling), immunohistochemistry to detect isolated tumour cells and micro-metastases, and marking positive lymph nodes before NACT should be the standard approach. This most recent update on surgical axillary management describes the significance of isolated tumour cells and micro-metastasis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the clinical consequences of low volume residual disease diagnosed using SLNE and TAD and provides an overview of this year's AGO recommendations for surgical management of the axilla during primary surgery and in relation to neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine for remission maintenance in nephrotic syndrome

We performed a multi-centre randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to that of cyclosporine A (CsA) in treating children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome and biopsy-proven minimal change disease. Of the 31 randomized initially selected patients, seven were excluded. The remaining 24 children received either MMF 1200 mg/m2per day (n = 12) or CsA 4-5 mg/kg per day (n = 12) during a 12-month period. Of the 12 patients in the MMF group, two discontinued the study medication. Evaluation of the changes from the baseline glomerular filtration rate showed an overall significant difference in favour of MMF over the treatment period (p = 0.03). Seven of the 12 patients in the MMF group and 11 of the 12 patients in the CsA group remained in complete remission during the entire study period. Relapse rate in the MMF group was 0.83/year compared to 0.08/year in the CsA group (p = 0.08). None of the patients reported diarrhea. Pharmacokinetic profiles of mycophenolic acid were performed in seven patients. The patient with the lowest area under the curve had three relapses within 6 months. In children with frequently relapsing minimal change nephrotic syndrome, MMF has a favourable side effect profile compared to CsA; however, there is a tendency towards a higher relapse risk in patients treated with MMF

The Possibilities of Phenomenology for Organizational Research

Qualitative researchers have developed and employed a variety of phenomenological methodologies to examine individuals’ experiences. However, there is little guidance to help researchers choose between these variations to meet the specific needs of their studies. The purpose of this article is to illuminate the scope and value of phenomenology by developing a typology that classifies and contrasts five popular phenomenological methodologies. By explicating each methodology’s differing assumptions, aims, and analytical steps, the article generates a series of guidelines to inform researchers’ selections. Subsequent sections distinguish the family of phenomenological methodologies from other qualitative methodologies, such as narrative analysis and autoethnography. The article then identifies institutional work and organizational identity as topical bodies of research with particular research needs that phenomenology could address