36 research outputs found

    Low contamination of Campylobacter spp. on chicken carcasses in Minas Gerais state, Brazil: Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance

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    AbstractHere, we evaluated Campylobacter contamination on chicken carcasses and phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance of the isolated strains. A total of 95 of samples were collected from 19 slaughterhouses from Minas Gerais - Brazil, and analyzed by MPN-PCR method. Campylobacter was found in 16.8% of samples with microbial load ranging from 60 to 184 MPN/carcass. All isolates were resistant to at least 5 (31.2%) of the antimicrobials screened using the disk diffusion method. Thr-86-Ile gyrA mutation, blaOxA-61 and tet(O) genes were found in 95%, 100% and 40% resistant isolates to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and tetracycline, respectively. Almost all isolates (90%) showed the three genes required to synthesize the CmeABC efflux system. The use of efflux pump inhibitor (PAβN) resulted in a significant reduction in the MICs of antimicrobials (2–128 fold), indicating the importance of efflux systems in conferring antimicrobial resistance. Campylobacter were detected at low concentrations in Brazilian chicken carcasses. However, high-levels of antimicrobial resistance were observed and associated with several mechanisms. This study provides a baseline survey on contamination of Campylobacter in Brazilian chicken carcasses and its antimicrobial resistance, giving support for actions directed at reducing this pathogen in the food chain

    Bacteriostatic effect of copaiba oil (Copaifera officinalis) against Streptococcus mutans

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    This study evaluated the inhibitory activity of copaiba oil (Copaifera officinalis against the cariogenic microorganism, Streptococcus mutans. For such purpose, a minimum inhibition concentration test of copaiba oil against S. mutans was performed, using the serial dilution in broth technique, with a negative control, a positive control (0.12% chlorhexidine) and a 10% copaíba oil solution as a test. A minimum bactericidal concentration test with tubes presenting microbial inhibition was also conduced. In the minimum inhibitory concentration test, copaiba oil showed inhibition of bacterial growth at all concentrations tested up to 0.78 µL/mL of the 10% copaiba oil solution in the broth. In addition, the negative control had no inhibition, and the 0.12% chlorhexidine solution was effective up to 6.25 µL/mL in the broth. Copaiba oil showed a bacteriostatic activity against S. mutans at low concentrations, and could be a an option of phytotherapic agent to be used against cariogenic bacteria in the prevention of caries disease

    Antimicrobial and Synergistic Activity of 2,2′,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone Against Bacterial Pathogens of Poultry

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    In poultry farming, the spread of bacterial pathogens results in disease outbreaks causing significant economic losses to this industry. Many of these pathogenic bacteria are zoonotic and have a substantial impact on public health. Antimicrobials are essential for the prevention and treatment of these bacterial infections. However, the indiscriminate use of these agents provides favorable conditions for selection, propagation and persistence of bacteria and development of antimicrobial resistance. We developed a new antimicrobial candidate that could be used alone or in synergy with research protocols for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promoter uses in the poultry industry. The present study aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of the synthetic compound 2,2′,4-trihydroxybenzophenone against pathogenic bacteria that cause important diseases in poultry and public health. We tested the hemolytic effect of this compound, studied its synergistic effect with conventional antimicrobials and analyzed the site of action on the bacteria. The results of our study showed antimicrobial activity of benzophenone against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with a similar effect in ATCC (American type culture collection) and field isolates. This compound was non-hemolytic. 2,2′,4-trihydroxybenzophenone acted on the bacterial cell wall. We identified the synergistic effect between 2,2′,4-trihydroxybenzophenone and bacitracin, this effect indicate that antimicrobial synergism may be useful for the treatment of necrotic enteritis in poultry. This compound may also be used as a growth promoter by reducing the dose of bacitracin and thus decreasing the pressure of bacterial resistance in poultry which would circumvent the development of cross-resistance in humans

    Protective Properties in Hymenaea martiana Hayne against Multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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    Antibiotic resistance represents a widespread problem in milk production. The identification of compounds for a topically applied ointment used in mastitis therapy remains elusive. Compounds from the genus Hymenaea can be administered in cases of multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection for ruminant species, but the protective properties are not well known. Wi this research the aim is verify the protective effects of H. martiana against S. aureus infection in bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) and to obtain an antioxidant profile evaluation in vitro. The MAC-T cells were challenged with S. aureus after being exposed to the extract of the H. martiana in the protective assay. For the verification of the viability of the MAC-T cells, the MTT assay was performed, and was used dilutions of the plant extract, starting at 2.5%. The extract of H. martiana was evaluated for antioxidant aspect in different dilutions by FRAP, ORAC and DPPH. A variety of flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, etc.) have been identified as the main components by using mass spectrometry, reinforcing our in vitro findings that flavonoids, especially quercetin, have a medicinal profile capable of killing mastitis-causing bacteria. An excellent antioxidant pattern was observed in the 2.5% solution; however, membrane integrity in MAC-T cells was compromised. Those findings suggest low dilutions of H. martiana extract has a desirable protective effect from S. aureus pathogenesis. Our in vitro studies can be gleaned upon for further in vivo studies

    A genetic and virulence characterization of Brazilian strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

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    Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is considered the primary causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a chronic contagious respiratory disease that causes economic losses. Obtaining new pathogenic isolates and studying the genome and virulence factors are necessary. This study performed a complete sequencing analysis of two Brazilian strains, UFV01 and UFV02, aiming to characterize the isolates in terms of the virulence factors and sequence type. The complete genome analysis revealed the main virulence genes (mhp385, mhp271, MHP_RS03455, p102, p97, p216, MHP_RS00555, mhp107) and ST-123, the presence of three toxin-related genes (tlyC, PLDc_2 and hcnC), and some genetic groups specific to these two isolates. Subsequently, the pathogenicity of the isolates was evaluated via an experimental infection conducted in a swine model. The study was divided into three groups, namely a negative control group (n = 4) and two test groups (n = 8), totaling 20 animals. They were challenged at 35 days of age with 107 CCU (Color Changing Units) M. hyopneumoniae via the intratracheal route. The UFV01 group showed earlier and higher seroconversion (IgG) (100%), while only 50% of the UFV02 group seroconverted. The same trend was observed when analyzing the presence of IgA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at 35 days post-infection (dpi). The UFV01 group had a mean macroscopic lesion score of 11.75% at 35 dpi, while UFV02 had 3.125%. Microscopic lesions were more severe in the UFV01 group. Based on laryngeal swab samples evaluated by qPCR, and the detection began at 14 days. The UFV01 group showed 75% positivity at 14 dpi. The UFV02 group also started excreting at 14 dpi, with a positivity rate of 37.5%. The results indicate that the UFV01 isolate exhibits higher virulence than UFV02. These findings may aid in developing new vaccines and diagnostic kits and establishing experimental models for testing

    Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries

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    Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis

    Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents in Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae

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    A resistência aos antimicrobianos foi estudada em bactérias da microbiota indígena de frangos de corte. O objetivo geral foi determinar os mecanismos de resistência aos antimicrobianos em membros multirresistentes da família Enterobacteriaceae. Quatorze isolados de Enterobacter cloacae e oito de Escherichia coli tiveram seus perfis de resistência investigados. Foi observada ampla variação nos níveis de resistência entre isolados de uma mesma espécie, com base nas concentrações inibitórias mínimas (MIC) de antimicrobianos pertencentes a diferentes classes. A presença de sistemas de efluxo multidrogas foi evidenciada em ambas as espécies, pela diminuição da MIC nas células tratadas com carbonil cianeto m-clorofenilhidrazona (CCCP) e pelas hibridizações com sondas derivadas de genes codificadores de algumas proteínas componentes de sistemas de efluxo multidrogas. O uso da sonda derivada de mexXY resultou em hibridização com DNA plasmidial, enquanto a sonda derivada de mexEF hibridizou com DNA cromossômico. Os sistemas de efluxo MexXY e MexEF são conhecidos em Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Presença de seqüências homólogas às dos genes codificadores das proteínas AcrA e AcrB foi detectada por reação em cadeia de polimerase, PCR. Todos os isolados de E. coli apresentaram resultados positivos para acrAB, enquanto onze isolados de E. cloacae apresentaram amplificação de segmentos com os comprimentos esperados e três apresentaram resultados negativos, isto é, não houve amplificação. O sistema de efluxo AcrAB é conhecido em Escherichia coli e em Salmonella typhimurium. Resistência ao cloranfenicol, dependente de força próton motora, foi relacionada com presença de plasmídios em isolados de E. coli, resultado este obtido de cura e transformação de E. coli selvagem e de transformação de E. coli DH5α com os plasmídios da E. coli original. Todos os isolados resistentes aos β-lactâmicos apresentaram atividade de β- lactamases, exceto um, que apresentou atividade de sistema de efluxo para o β-lactâmico cefaclor. Os resultados demonstram a diversidade de mecanismos de resistência aos antimicrobianos entre isolados da mesma espécie e da mesma fonte, além da presença de sistemas de efluxo de drogas em bactérias da microbiota indígena de frangos.The resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacteria isolated from poultry carcasses was examined. The main objective was to identify resistance mechanisms in multiresistant members of the Enterobacteriacae family. Fourteen isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and eight of Escherichia coli had their resistance profiles investigated. Wide ranges of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations, MIC, for individual antimicrobial agents belonging to different classes were observed. In both species, the presence of drug efflux systems was determined by the lowering of MIC for cells treated with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, CCCP. DNA hybridization with probes derived from mexXY and mexEF indicated the possible presence of similar genes in some of those isolates. Plasmid DNA hybridized with the mexXY probe and chromossomal DNA hybridized with the mexEF probe. MexXY and MexEF are multidrug efflux systems of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amplification of DNA with primers derived from acrAB showed positive results for all of the E.coli isolates. AcrAB is a multidrug efflux system recognized in E. coli and in Salmonella typhimurium. Eleven of the E. cloacae isolates had DNA of the xiiiexpected lengths amplified and three did not show any sign of amplification with either the acrA or acrB primers. There was evidence of a chloranfenicol resistance mechanism dependent of the proton motive force that was related to the the presence of plasmids. The evidence was obtained by plasmid curing and transformation. E. coli DH5α transformed with the referred plasmids also acquired resistance to the same level of the drug. All of the isolates resistant to β-lactam antibiotics presented β-lactamase activity, except for one that showed possible efflux system to cefaclor, as evidenced by the response to CCCP. These results demonstrate diversity in resistance mechanisms to antimicrobial agents among isolates of the same species from the same origin in nature. The presence of drug efflux systems was demonstrated in commensal bacteria of poultry.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio
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