Effect of corn processing on performance and intestinal physiology of piglets

Para avaliar os efeitos do processamento de milho extrusado, 63 leitões hibridos comerciais, machos castrados e fêmeas, foram desmamados aos 21 dias de idade (7,18 + 1,0 kg). Distribuídos em bloco ao acaso com três tratamentos (milho moido em peneira 3,0 mm, milho moído em peneira 1,0 mm e milho extrusado moido em peneira 1,0mm) e sete repetições. O milho utilizado foi oriundo do mesmo lote. As dietas experimentais foram formuladas a base de milho e farelo de soja para conter 3400 kcal/kg de EM e 1,45 g/kg de lisina digestível para o periodo do experimento (21 aos 35 dias). O processamento do milho não influenciou (P>0,05) o peso final, ganho de peso diário (GPD) e consumo de ração diánio (CDR). No entanto, os animais que receberam milho extrusado apresentaram melhor (P0,05). Junto ao colón, foram quantificadas as Bactérias Totais e Enterobacteriaceae que não apresentaram diferença significativa (P>0,05) nas concentrações. No entanto, a presença de Lactobacillus spp tendeu (P=0,07) a ser inferior nos animais alimentados com milho extrusado, quando comparado com milho 3 mm. Dietas compostas por milho extrusado proporcionam aos leitões melhor saúde e morfometria intestinal, assim como melhor conversão alimentar. Palavras-chave: Extrusão. Milho. Epitélio intestinal. Conversão alimentar. Leitões.The study aimed at evaluating the effects of corn processing (grinding and extrusion) on performance and intestinal parameters in weaned pigs. To accomplish our goal, 63 piglets (21 days-old, 7.18 + 1.0 kg BW) were randomly allocated (7 pens/treatment, 3 pigs/pen) to one of the three treatments: coarse com, coarsely ground com (hammer mill 3.0 mm screen); fine corn, finely ground corn (hammer mill 1.0 mm screen); extruded corn, extruded corn and finely ground (hammer mill 1.0 mm screen). Corn used wasfrom the same corn batch. The experimental period lasted 14 days and pigs had free access to feed and water. Diets were formulated with similar ME (3400 kcal/kg) and SID Lys (14.5 2 /kg) as recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011). Data analyses were performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Pigs fed fine and extruded corn diets had better FCR (P < 0.05) than coarse corn group. Corn processing did not influence other performance variables. Duodenum and jejunum villus height and villus height: crypt depth ratio of pigs fed extruded corn were higher (P < 0.05) than pigs fed fine corn diet, with no difference from coarse corn fed pigs. Crypt depth was not affected by com processing. Duodenum mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 (P < 0.05) and ocludin-1 (P = 0.07; tendency) were greater in pigs fed extruded than fine corn diets, with no difference from coarse corn diet. Corn processing did not affect mRNA expression of tight junction protein in the jejunum. There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for lower Lactobacillus group quantification in the colon of pigs fed extruded corn diet, while there was no significant effect of the experimental treatment over total Bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. In conclusion, piglets fed finely ground or extruded com diets had better FCR than coarse corn group. However, pigs fed extruded corn diets had improved gut morphology and tight junction expression, therefore, extruded com would be more suitable for weaned piglets. Keywords: Extrusion. Corn. Feed conversion. Intestinal epithelium. Piglets

Water-retaining polymer and seedling type when planting irrigated coffee

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of a water-retaining polymer on the initial growth of coffee plants for different levels of irrigation and types of seedling. The experiment was set up in pots with a clayey soil, in a greenhouse of the Sector for Coffee Production of the Federal University of Lavras, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design into sub-lots with three replications, giving a total of 48 experimental units. Four levels of irrigation (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the available water) were randomly assigned to the lots; the type of seedling (grown in bags or tubes) were randomly assigned to the sub-lots, and the use or not of the water-retaining polymer randomly assigned to the sub-sub-lots. In the treatments with water-retaining polymer, a dilution of 1.5 Kg of polymer to 400 litres of water was used at a dose of 1.5 litres of solution per plant. The following were evaluated at intervals of 60 days during the experiment (360 days from planting): stem diameter, plant height, leaf area, number of leaves and number of plagiotropic branches on the coffee plants. Hydrated water-retaining polymer favoured the growth of coffee plants under an irrigated system. Irrigation resulted in greater plant growth, with the seedlings grown in bags showing more growth than those grown in tubes

Satisfação dos Usuários da Unidade de Saúde Jardim Itu

Introdução: a satisfação do usuário é um importante desfecho em saúde e item relevante no processo de avaliação e planejamento de Serviços de Saúde. No Serviço de Saúde Comunitária do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição (SSC/GHC), a avaliação baseia-se nos indicadores de saúde das suas doze Unidades. A Unidade de Saúde Jardim Itu (USJI) integra o SSC/GHC e pretende incorporar no seu processo avaliativo a satisfação do usuário. Objetivos: conhecer o grau de satisfação dos usuários da USJI com o acesso, a longitudinalidade, a relação médico-pessoa e a integralidade dos serviços oferecidos e verificar se há associação entre o grau de satisfação geral dos usuários e diversos aspectos. Materiais e Métodos: estudo transversal, com usuários da USJI, maiores de 18 anos, que consultaram na semana anterior à amostragem e no período entre 3 e 12 meses antecedentes. São selecionados 20 usuários, por semana, do total de consultas médicas realizadas. A satisfação é medida em escala de Likert por um questionário validado no Brasil composto de questões referentes à última consulta. É excluído do estudo o usuário que não possui capacidade de responder ao questionário, que mora fora da área de abrangência da USJI ou cujo atendimento foi realizado em visita domiciliar. Resultados: foram selecionados até o momento 58 usuários, com 8 exclusões e 31 questionários respondidos. A coleta de dados primários se dará até a terceira semana de dezembro. O banco de dados está sendo construído no software Epi-Info. Em janeiro serão realizadas a digitação e análise dos dados

Lack of protocols for handling missing sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in depression trials: what are the risks of neglecting missing sessions?

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Effects of corn processing on piglet performance and intestinal parameters

The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of corn processing on performance and intestinal parameters of weanling piglets. To accomplish our goal, 42 piglets (21 days-old, 7.18±1.0 kg body weight) were randomly allocated (seven pens/treatment; three pigs/pen) to one of two treatments: ground corn – corn ground through a hammer mill with a 1.0-mm screen after being ground by a hammer mill with a 3.0-mm screen, and extruded corn – corn was wet extruded after being ground by a hammer mill with a 2.0-mm screen and, after extrusion, it was ground by a hammer mill with a 1.0-mm screen. In both methods, corn from the same batch was used. Results were considered statistically significant when P<0.05 and a tendency when P<0.10. Analyses were performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Pigs fed ground or extruded corn diet had similar growth performance. Duodenum and jejunum of pigs fed extruded corn had greater villus height compared with those of pigs fed ground corn. Crypt depth was not influenced by corn processing. Duodenum and jejunum of pigs fed extruded corn had greater villus:crypt ratio compared with those of pigs fed ground corn. In the duodenum, the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) was greater, and the expression of Occludin-1 tended to be greater in pigs fed the extruded corn diets. There was no effect of corn processing on ZO-1 and Occludin-1 expression in the jejunum, nor TGF-β1 expression in duodenum and jejunum. There was no effect of the type of corn processing on colonic total bacteria or Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus abundance. Piglets fed diets with ground corn or extruded corn have similar growth performance. However, piglets fed diets with extruded corn present improved intestinal morphology and tight junction protein expression compared with those fed ground cor