2,3,5,6-Tetra­methoxy­piperazine-1,4-dicarbaldehyde

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C10H18N2O6, contains two halves of two independent centrosymmetric mol­ecules with almost identical conformations. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds consolidate the crystal packing

Quality gap of family health care services in Kashan health centers: an Iranian viewpoint

Patients' viewpoints are commonly used to assess quality of care in diverse healthcare organizations. This permits managerial decisions to be made based on knowledge rather than conjecture. The purpose of the current study is to investigate quality gap of family health care through measuring differences between clients' perceptions and expectations at Kashan city health centers in Iran.Methodology: A cross-sectional design was applied in 2013. The study sample was composed of 384 women clients of family health services randomly selected from Kashan city health centers. The SERVQUAL questionnaire was used for data collection. Service quality gap was measured by computing the difference between the rating respondents assign to expectations and perceptions statements. For pair wise comparison of the expectations and perceptions the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used. Internal consistency of the scale was confirmed with Cronbach's Alpha coefficients (.81 for expectations and .84 for perceptions).Findings: In all dimensions of the services a significant (P<0.001) negative quality gap was observed. The maximum quality gap was in the tangibility (-0.60±0.37) and the minimum one was in the responsiveness (-0.41±0.31) dimension. The findings of the research demonstrated that there was negative gap between clients' expectations and perceptions in all dimensions of the services. Thus, family health care managers should apply improvements in all five dimensions of the services

The study of relationship between earnings quality and investment in capital assets on Tehran stock exchange companies

This study examines the relationship between earnings quality and investment in capital assets of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, 109 sample companies with required information for 4-year period (2007-2010) of study were selected in judgmental form and based on the defined limitations. The investigated variables of this study included the earnings quality, investment in capital assets and the returns on capital asset. The results of the data analysis and hypotheses testing indicated that there is a significant relationship between earnings quality and investment in capital assets in both retrospective approach and the prospective approach

The study of relationship between earnings quality and investment in capital assets on Tehran stock exchange companies

This study examines the relationship between earnings quality and investment in capital assets of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, 109 sample companies with required information for 4-year period (2007-2010) of study were selected in judgmental form and based on the defined limitations. The investigated variables of this study included the earnings quality, investment in capital assets and the returns on capital asset. The results of the data analysis and hypotheses testing indicated that there is a significant relationship between earnings quality and investment in capital assets in both retrospective approach and the prospective approach

(1R,2S)-N,N′-(1,2-Dihydroxy­ethyl­ene)diformamide

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C4H8N2O4, contains one half-mol­ecule which is completed via a crystallographic inversion centre. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are arranged in undulating layers parallel to (001). Inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds consolidate this arrangement

Genetic diversity and fine-scale spatial genetic structure of the near-threatened Pinus gerardiana in Gardiz, Afghanistan

Background and aims – Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) is a near-threatened tree species from the north-western Himalayas. This species is the economically most important pine in Afghanistan because of its edible nuts; however, its distribution range is disjunct and restricted to a few isolated regions. The IUCN lists Chilgoza as a near threatened species because of overexploitation of its nuts and a declining population trend. This research is the first in-depth analysis of the genetic variability and structure of Chilgoza in Afghanistan using microsatellite markers. Material and methods –We tested cross-amplification of 44 SSR markers developed for pine species. Eight polymorphic EST-SSRs were genotyped in a natural Chilgoza population in Gardiz, Afghanistan. To evaluate the genetic diversity, fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS), signatures of bottleneck events, and the effective population size, 191 trees were sampled and genotyped. Based on the diameter at breast height, individuals were classified as young or old trees. Key results – Genetic variation in the whole population was moderate. For individual markers, He ranged from 0.130 to 0.515 (mean = 0.338) and Ho from 0.118 to 0.542 (mean = 0.328). The expected heterozygosity in young trees was slightly lower than in old trees. The SGS was stronger for young trees (Sp = 0.0100) than for old trees (Sp = 0.0029). Heterozygosity excess analysis detected no recent population size reduction, but the M ratio revealed an ancient and prolonged bottleneck in the Chilgoza population. Conclusion – Identification of suitable EST-SSRs for future studies of natural Chilgoza populations provides important tools for the conservation of the species. Despite the moderate genetic variation in Gardiz, scarcity of natural regeneration is likely to reduce the genetic variation and adaptability in future generations. Our results indicated a slight decrease in genetic diversity and stronger SGS in young trees calling for conservation measures fostering natural regeneration

N 3,N 6,2,5,7-Penta­phenyl-2,5,7-triaza­bicyclo­[2.2.1]heptane-3,6-diamine

In the title compound, C34H31N5, the observed molecular geometry suggests that anomeric effects are present in terms of short C—N bond lengths and reduced pyramidality of the N atoms

N4,N8,3,6,9,10,11-Heptaphenyl-3,6,9,10,11-pentaazatricyclo[5.2.1.12,5]undecane-4,8-diamine

The title compound, C48H43N7, is a polyazapolycyclic compound with a near-C2 symmetric skeleton. In the crystal, a N&amp;#8212;H...&amp;#960; interaction occurs