Detail image Enhancement Survey

Image enhancement plays important role in the field of image processing. Many images suffer from poor contrast and noise. There is requirement of enhancing the contrast& removing noise to improve image quality. Image enhancement is the process of improving quality of image. Image enhancement produces the image which will give better result than original image. Detail image enhancement is introduced in the field of image processing to solve many problems like blurring, ringing, unnaturalness etc. Detail image enhancement algorithm first decompose source image into a base layer and detail layer via edge preserving smoothing algorithm and amplify detail layer to produce to detail enhanced image. Analysis of different methods of image enhancement is carried out. Existing image enhancement techniques have some drawbacks. The objective of this paper is to determine limitation of the existing image enhancement techniques

Characterization and Treatment of Al-Menya Landfill Leachate Using Biological and Physical Methods

In this research, the leachate generated from Al-Menya sanitary landfill which is located in the southern part of the West Bank- Palestine was investigated. In this regard, the leachate physical, chemical and biological characteristics were studied using SBR and advanced membrane technology including UF and RO. The results showed that leachate generated is classified as young leachate with the possibility for biological treatment according to the BOD/COD ratio. Heavy metals concentrations varied in all samples due to incomplete waste separation stage. The concentration of Cr and Ni were the highest whereas the Ag and Pb were below the detection limit. The primary treatment and biological treatment using Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) showed 88%, 95%, 100% and 96% removal for COD, TSS, Ammonia nitrogen and phosphate respectively. The final stage of treatment included the advanced membrane technology (UF and RO). The treatment of SBR effluent using UF unit showed highly efficient of UF unit for TSS, Nitrate and phosphate, Al, Zn, removal with (100%), (98%), (95%), (100%), (82%), respectively. The heavy metals were partially removed, the Al was completely removed, whereas Cr concentration showed no different concentration. An efficient removal ranging between 97%-100% were observed for COD, Ammonia-Nitrogen, TSS, Al, K and Na using RO unit whereas Cr and Cd still have high concentration.Authors thanks Palestinian Water Authority PWA for their support to conduct this study

Preliminary screening of co-substrates for bioremediation of pyrene-contaminated soil through composting

The feasibility of using different organic amendments of different origin and properties in the bioremediation of pyrene-contaminated soil by means of composting has been tested. The selected pyrene concentration was 1 g of pyrene per kg of dry soil. The organic amendments used include: raw organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW), industrial compost from OFMSW composting (COFMSW), compost derived from home composting of OFMSW (HCOFMSW), anaerobically digested sludge (ADS), non-digested activated sludge (NDS) and centrifuged non-digested activated sludge (CNDS). The degradation rate was related to the amendment properties that directly affected the composting process. Raw OFMSW was not capable to enhance pyrene degradation in comparison to control, but stable HCOFMSW exhibited the highest removal rate (69%). The amendments stability and the temperatures reached as a consequence influenced the process, and thermophilic temperatures showed an inhibition effect on the microbial activity related to pyrene degradation. Some of the tested wastes need to be further investigated to find inexpensive organic amendments for soil bioremediation

Recycling of organic wastes through composting : process performance and compost application in agriculture

Composting has become a preferable option to treat organic wastes to obtain a final stable sanitized product that can be used as an organic amendment. From home composting to big municipal waste treatment plants, composting is one of the few technologies that can be practically implemented at any scale. This review explores some of the essential issues in the field of composting/compost research: on one hand, the main parameters related to composting performance are compiled, with especial emphasis on the maturity and stability of compost; on the other hand, the main rules of applying compost on crops and other applications are explored in detail, including all the effects that compost can have on agricultural land. Especial attention is paid to aspects such as the improvement of the fertility of soils once compost is applied, the suppressor effect of compost and some negative experiences of massive compost application

Designing Situated Dashboards: Challenges and Opportunities

Situated Visualization is an emerging field that unites several areas - visualization, augmented reality, human-computer interaction, and internet-of-things, to support human data activities within the ubiquitous world. Likewise, dashboards are broadly used to simplify complex data through multiple views. However, dashboards are only adapted for desktop settings, and requires visual strategies to support situatedness. We propose the concept of AR-based situated dashboards and present design considerations and challenges developed over interviews with experts. These challenges aim to propose directions and opportunities for facilitating the effective designing and authoring of situated dashboards.Comment: To be presented at ISA: 2nd Workshop on Immersive and Situated Analytics @ ISMAR 202

Optimization and enhancement of soil bioremediation by composting using the experimental design technique

The objective of this study was the application of the experimental design technique to optimize the conditions for the bioremediation of contaminated soil by means of composting. A low-cost material such as compost from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste as amendment and pyrene as model pollutant were used. The effect of three factors was considered: pollutant concentration (0.1-2 g/kg), soil:compost mixing ratio (1:0.5-1:2 w/w) and compost stability measured as respiration index (0.78, 2.69 and 4.52 mg O2 g⁻¹ Organic Matter h⁻¹). Stable compost permitted to achieve an almost complete degradation of pyrene in a short time (10 days). Results indicated that compost stability is a key parameter to optimize PAHs biodegradation. A factor analysis indicated that the optimal conditions for bioremediation after 10, 20 and 30 days of process were (1.4, 0.78, 1:1.4), (1.4, 2.18. 1:1.3) and (1.3, 2.18, 1:1.3) for concentration (g/kg), compost stability (mg O₂ g−1 Organic Matter h−1) and soil:compost mixing ratio, respectively

Investigation of the presence of halogenated bi-products formation in the drinking water network in Tulkarm District / Palestine

The problem of pollutants in drinking water networks is neglected in many places all over the developing countries. This problem is normally caused by either direct pollution source such as organic carbon, or from the maceration pollutants of network materials. The heavy metals in the network facilities and the DOC from the wastewater leakage on the formation of toxic by-product in the water network and the rate of halogenated hydrocarbons formation in the drinking water network was studied. Results showed that water has the same constituents of pollutants similar to that before its being stored for relatively long periods. The results showed also that the trend of halogenated hydrocarbons formation is correlated, but not restricted, to the availability of total organic carbons. The amount of CCl2Br and CClBr2 were the highest, which indicate that most of the halogens are originated from natural sources. The Strontium values where the most dominant in all sampling points followed by Barium and Boron, which are the most abundant trace metals normally found in the groundwater in Tulkarm are

Effects of compost stability and contaminant concentration on the bioremediation of PAHs contaminated soil through composting

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two factors: the stability degree (0.37-4.55 mg O₂ g⁻¹ Organic Matter h⁻¹) of different composts derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes and the concentration of a complex mixture of PAHs including flourene, phenanthrene, anthracene, flouranthene, pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene in the bioremediation of soil. The two factors were systematically studied applying central composite design methodology. The obtained results demonstrated that compost stability degree was particularly important during the first stage of the process. Stable composts enhanced the levels of degradation in soil-compost mixture and a degradation rate of 92% was achieved in this period, but only 40% was degraded with the least stable compost. The PAHs concentration was also important during the process, since the degradation rates increased with the increase in the PAHs concentration. Moreover, all the individual PAHs demonstrated a notable decrease in their concentrations after the incubation period, but pyrene was degraded to lower levels in some treatments compared to others PAHs

Anaerobic degradation of PAHs in soil : impacts of concentration and amendment stability on the PAHs degradation and biogas production

In this study, the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soil under strict anaerobic-methanogenic conditions was systematically studied applying the central composite design approach. The effect of PAHs concentration and the stability of the compost as an organic amendment for anaerobic digestion were examined. In all assays, the used methanogenic consortium was able to degrade the PAHs although some inhibition effects were observed during the initial stage in some cases. The degradation rates varied between 31.4 and 90.6% during 50 days incubation period. The study demonstrated that the PAHs concentration influences the degradation rate where more degradation was observed by increasing the concentration of PAHs. However, the biogas production as a result of the digestion process was more influenced by the compost stability which also has its effect on the degradation rates as more degradation occurred with more stable compost, but more biogas was produced with less stable compost, which indicates that the biogas is mainly produced by the anaerobic digestion of the amended compost. Finally, it seems that compost addition is required to improve the process in some cases but in other circumstances it does not greatly improve the bioremediation of PAHs

Performance of different systems for the composting of the source-selected organic fraction of municipal solid waste

Performance of three pile composting systems at field-scale were studied and compared in the composting of source-selected organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW): turned pile (TP), static forced-aerated pile (SAP) and turned forced-aerated pile (TAP). Routine parameters such as temperature, oxygen content, moisture and porosity were monitored. Temperature was found to be higher in turned systems whereas oxygen content was higher in forced-aerated systems. Although the initial air-filled porosity (AFP) for all mixtures was high, around 70%, the material tended to compact in the static system. A high degree of heterogeneity was found in the non-turned system. Extent of biodegradation was measured by respiration techniques (from 5.3 to 1.1 mg [O2] g [organic matter {OM}]−1 h−1 in TP and from 4.7 to 0.7 mg [O2] g [OM]−1 h−1 in turned forced-aerated pile). The non-turned compost showed a low level of stability (3.6 mg [O2] g [OM]−1 h−1) and the lowest maturity grade (I) measured by the self-heating test. In forced-aerated systems a low intermittent aeration rate of 1 l kg [volatile solids {VS}]−1 min−1 (5 min on, 30 min off) proved to be excessive, causing major water losses and hampering moisture control. Comparison of the results obtained for TP and TAP demonstrated that the investment cost in a forced-aeration system is not necessary for this waste. Hence, turned systems are recommended for OFMSW pile composting