Intracellular and Intercellular Signalling Mechanisms following DNA Damage Are Modulated By PINK1

Open access articleImpaired mitochondrial function and accumulation of DNA damage have been recognized as hallmarks of age-related diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction initiates protective signalling mechanisms coordinated at nuclear level particularly by modulating transcription of stress signalling factors. In turn, cellular response to DNA lesions comprises a series of interconnected complex protective pathways, which require the energetic and metabolic support of the mitochondria. These are involved in intracellular as well as in extracellular signalling of damage. Here, we have initiated a study that addresses how mitochondria-nucleus communication may occur in conditions of combined mitochondrial dysfunction and genotoxic stress and what are the consequences of this interaction on the cell system. In this work, we used cells deficient for PINK1, a mitochondrial kinase involved in mitochondrial quality control whose loss of function leads to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, challenged with inducers of DNA damage, namely, ionizing radiation and the radiomimetic bleomycin. Combined stress at the level of mitochondria and the nucleus impairs both mitochondrial and nuclear functions. Our findings revealed exacerbated sensibility to genotoxic stress in PINK1-deficient cells. The same cells showed an impaired induction of bystander phenomena following stress insults. However, these cells responded adaptively when a challenge dose was applied subsequently to a low-dose treatment to the cells. The data demonstrates that PINK1 modulates intracellular and intercellular signalling pathways, particularly adaptive responses and transmission of bystander signalling, two facets of the cell-protective mechanisms against detrimental agents

Compartmental stress responses correlate with cell survival in bystander effects induced by the DNA damage agent, bleomycin

In collaboration with Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering - IFIN HH, 30 Reactorului St., P.O.BOX MG-6, Magurele, Bucharest, ROMANIA The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link

The Interaction of Tungsten Dust with Human Skin Cells

In this chapter, we evaluate the tungsten (W) nanoparticle toxicity with respect to the normal human skin fibroblast cell. Tungsten dust formation is expected in the tokamak-type nuclear fusion installations, regarded as future devices for large-scale, sustainable, and carbon-free energy. This dust, composed of tungsten particles of variable size, from nanometers to micrometers, could be harmful to humans in the case of loss of vacuum accident (LOVA). In order to undertake the toxicity studies, tokamak-relevant dust has been deliberately produced in laboratory and afterward analyzed. Following that, cytotoxicity tests were performed using normal human skin fibroblast cell lines, BJ ATCC CRL 2522. Our study concludes that, at a low concentration (until 100 μg/mL), no cytotoxic effect of tungsten nanoparticles was observed. In contrast, at higher concentrations (up to 2 mg/mL), nanometric dust presents toxic effects on the cells

Bystander effects and compartmental stress response to X-ray irradiation in L929 cells.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.Bystander effects are indirect consequences of radiation and many other stress factors. They occur in cells that are not directly exposed to these factors, but receive signals from affected cells either by gap junctions or by molecules released in the medium. Characterizing these effects and deciphering the underlying mechanisms involved in radiation-induced bystander effects are relevant for cancer radiotherapy and radioprotection. At doses of X-ray radiation 0.5 and 1 Gy, we detected bystander effects as increased numbers of micronuclei shortly after the treatment, through medium transfer and by co-cultures. Interestingly, bystander cells did not exhibit long-term adverse changes in viability. Evaluation of several compartmental stress markers (CHOP, BiP, mtHsp60, cytHsp70) by qRT-PCR did not reveal expression changes at transcriptional level. We investigated the involvement of ROS and NO in this process by addition of specific scavengers of these molecules, DMSO or c-PTIO in the transferred medium. This approach proved that ROS but not NO is involved in the induction of lesions in the acceptor cells. These results indicate that L929 cells are susceptible to stress effects of radiation-induced bystander signaling

Bystander effectors of chondrosarcoma cells irradiated at different LET impair proliferation of chondrocytes

While the dose-response relationship of radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is controversial at low and high linear energy transfer (LET), mechanisms and effectors of cell-to-cell communication stay unclear and highly dependent of cell type. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of chondrocytes in responding to bystander factors released by chondrosarcoma cells irradiated at different doses (0.05 to 8 Gy) with X-rays and C-ions. Following a medium transfer protocol, cell survival, proliferation and DNA damages were quantified in bystander chondrocytes. The bystander factors secreted by chondrosarcoma cells were characterized. A significant and major RIBE response was observed in chondrocyte cells (T/C-28a2) receiving conditioned medium from chondrosarcoma cells (SW1353) irradiated with 0.1 Gy of X-rays and 0.05 Gy of C-ions, resulting in cell survivals of 36% and 62%, respectively. Micronuclei induction in bystander cells was observed from the same low doses. The cell survival results obtained by clonogenic assays were confirmed using impedancemetry. The bystander activity was vanished after a heat treatment or a dilution of the conditioned media. The cytokines which are well known as bystander factors, TNF-alpha and IL-6, were increased as a function of doses and LET according to an ELISA multiplex analysis. Together, the results demonstrate that irradiated chondrosarcoma cells can communicate stress factors to non-irradiated chondrocytes, inducing a wide and specific bystander response related to both doses and LET

Impaired Integrated Stress Response and Mitochondrial Integrity Modulate Genotoxic Stress Impact and Lower the Threshold for Immune Signalling

open access articleMitochondria–nucleus communication during stress dictates cellular fate with consequences on the etiopathology of multiple age-related diseases. Impaired mitochondrial quality control through loss of function of the mitochondrial protease HtrA2 associates with accumulation of damaged mitochondria and triggers the integrated stress response, implicating the transcription factor CHOP. Here we have employed a combined model of impaired mitochondria quality control, namely HtrA2 loss of function, and/or integrated stress response, namely CHOP loss of function, and genotoxicity to address the distinctive roles of these cellular components in modulating intracellular and intercellular responses. The genotoxic agents employed were cancer therapeutic agents such as irradiation with X-ray and protons or treatment with the radiomimetic bleomycin. The irradiation had an enhanced effect in inducing DNA damage in cells with CHOP loss of function, while the bleomycin treatment induced more DNA damage in all the transgenic cells as compared to the control. The genetic modifications impaired the transmission of DNA damage signalling intercellularly. Furthermore, we have dissected the signalling pathways modulated by irradiation in selected genotypes with RNA sequencing analysis. We identified that loss of HtrA2 and CHOP function, respectively, lowers the threshold where irradiation may induce the activation of innate immune responses via cGAS-STING; this may have a significant impact on decisions for combined therapeutic approaches for various diseases

Mitochondria Nucleus communication in neurodegenerative disease. Who talks first, who talks louder?

open access articleMitochondria - nuclear coadaptation has been central to eukaryotic evolution. The dynamic dialogue between the two compartments within the context of multiorganellar interactions is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and directing the balance survival-death in case of cellular stress. The conceptualisation of mitochondria - nucleus communication has so far been focused on the communication from the mitochondria under stress to the nucleus and the consequent signalling responses, as well as from the nucleus to mitochondria in the context of DNA damage and repair. During ageing processes this dialogue may be better viewed as an integrated bidirectional ‘talk’ with feedback loops that expand beyond these two organelles depending on physiological cues. Here we explore the current views on mitochondria - nucleus dialogue and its role in maintaining cellular health with a focus on brain cells and neurodegenerative disease. Thus, we detail the transcriptional responses initiated by mitochondrial dysfunction in order to protect itself and the general cellular homeostasis. Additionally, we are reviewing the knowledge of the stress pathways initiated by DNA damage which affect mitochondria homeostasis and we add the information provided by the study of combined mitochondrial and genotoxic damage. Finally, we reflect on how each organelle may take the lead in this dialogue in an ageing context where both compartments undergo accumulation of stress and damage and where, perhaps, even the communications' mechanisms may suffer interruptions

P23 - Bystander effectors of chondrosarcoma cells irradiated at different LET impair proliferation of chondrocytes

International audienceX-rays / Carbon Ion Tumor (Chondrosarcoma) Non irradiated area arrounding tumor Non irradiated area arrounding healthy tissue Direct effect of irradiation Bystander effect Bystander effectors of chondrosarcoma cells irradiated at different LET impair proliferation of chondrocyte

Charged Particle Irradiation Effects on Human Chondrosarcoma Cells

International audienceChondrosarcoma is well known as a radioresistant tumor. The treatment with charged particle (hadron therapy) has shown better specicity and lower toxicity for the surrounding normal tissue when compared to conventional photon therapy. The present study focuses on evaluating cellular eects of proton irradiation on directly exposed chondrosarcoma cells and bystander normal cells. Chondrosarcoma tumor cells (SW1353 and L835) were directly exposed to a low energy ( ~20 MeV) proton beam line at doses ranging from 0.1 to 4Gy. To study the bystander phenomena we used a medium transfer protocol from the tumor cells irradiated with 0-2Gy to normal cells (T/C-28a2 chondrocyte and EA.hy926 endothelial cell lines). Cell survival, cell death and DNA damage were quantied in directly irradiated chondrosarcoma cells and in bystander chondrocytes and endothelial cells. Proton irradiation induces a dose dependent direct eect in chondrosarcoma cells as augmented number of micronuclei at 24 h after exposure, a reduction of the long-term cellular survival, an elevation in caspase activity at 24h and a decreased metabolic activity after 5 days. In bystander chondrocyte cells, SW1353 cell line induced an increase in micronuclei and a decrease in long term survival at 0.1 Gy, while L835 cells showed an increase in micronuclei number for all doses. In contrast, chondrosarcoma L835 cells induce both an elevation of micronuclei number and a decrease in long-term survival at the dose of 0.5 Gy in endothelial cells, while SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells induce both an increase in micronuclei numberand a decrease in survival at 2Gy. The outcomes showed that proton irradiated chondrosarcoma cells release stress factors inducing a wide bystander response in the non-irradiated chondrocyte/endothelial cells