A Note On Jump Symmetric n-Sigraph

For standard terminology and notion in graph theory we refer the reader to West; the nonstandard will be given in this paper as and when required. We treat only finite simple graphs without self loops and isolates

Synthesis of launch vehicle design and trajectory optimization

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3280416

Mutagenesis and Genetic Control of Translesion Synthesis Across an Abasic Site, 8,5’-Cyclopurines and \u3cem\u3eO\u3c/em\u3e\u3csup\u3e2\u3c/sup\u3e-Alkylthymidine DNA Lesions

DNA contains the genetic information of all living organisms. Therefore, its integrity and stability are essential for the long-term viability of the organism. However, DNA is a chemical entity, which gets constantly damaged by both endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents. These DNA damages may lead to mutations and eventually cause diseases like cancer. Multiple DNA repair mechanisms have evolved in living organisms to repair DNA damages. Even so, not all DNA damages can be repaired before the replication apparatus encounters the DNA damage. As such, cells developed a damage tolerance pathway known as translesion synthesis (TLS) that allows cells to overcome replication blockage and facilitate bypass of the DNA lesions. This process is carried out by TLS polymerases, of which most belong to the Y family of DNA polymerases. These specialized enzymes are capable of bypassing the damaged DNA, but they also are low fidelity enzymes, frequently associated with mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. In this dissertation, I have investigated the replication bypass of different DNA lesions, including abasic site, 8,5’-cyclopurines and tobacco-specific nitrosamine-derived O2-alkylthimidines in Escherichia coli and in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. The comparative replicative assays in bacterial and human cells revealed that bypass of these DNA lesions are significantly different in the two systems and that the mammalian polymerases are more efficient in the TLS of strong replication blocking lesions. Based on the cytotoxic and mutagenic properties of these lesions, it is evident that replicative bypass efficiency varies with the complexity of the lesion. Moreover, multiple TLS polymerases are involved in the mutagenesis of different DNA lesions. These studies provide important mechanistic details as to how these lesions are bypassed and reveal their mutagenic properties

Modulations of Haemolymph Parameters in Fifth Instar Silkworm Bombyx Mori L. Parasitized with Beauveria Bassiana

The study focused on understanding the impact of Beauveria bassiana infection on the haemotological parameters such as pH, specific gravity and rate of pulsation of the economically significant silkworm, Bombyx mori. Silkworms, due to centuries of domestication, have developed sensitivity to environmental conditions and various micro-pathogens affecting their nutrition, metabolism, and physiological aspects of haemolymph. The researchers used the bivoltine double hybrid silkworm race (CSR2 X CSR27) X (CSR6 X CSR 26) for the investigation. The results revealed that the pH levels of the haemolymph on the first day of the fifth instar in healthy silkworms were 6.615, and on the sixth day, they were 6.596. In the experimental batch, there was a drastic reduction from the first day (6.590) to the second day (6.253), which gradually increased until the fourth day (6.426) of the instar and gradually decreased on the fifth (6.398) and sixth days (6.374). A lower level of specific gravity of the haemolymph was noticed on the first day (1.024) of the 5th instar in silkworms inoculated with Beauveria bassiana. Then a gradual increase was observed till the sixth day (1.038) of the 5th instar. Conversely, in the healthy silkworms, there was a gradual decline in the specific gravity of the haemolymph from the first day (1.025) to the sixth day (1.012) of the fifth instar. The pulse rate in silkworms parasitized by Beauveria bassiana showed a significant increase from the first day (35) to the second day (48), followed by a gradual decrease to the sixth day (32) of the instar. But in control silkworms, the heart rate increased gradually from the first day (35) to the fifth day (45) of the instar and then suddenly decreased on the sixth day (38).

Interactions of 3' terminal and 5' terminal regions of physalis mottle virus genomic RNA with its replication complex

Physalis mottle virus (PhMV) belongs to the tymogroup of positive-strand RNA viruses with a genome size of 6 kb. Crude membrane preparations from PhMV-infectedNicotiana glutinosa plants catalyzed the synthesis of PhMV genomic RNA from endogenously bound template. Addition of exogenous gnomic RNA enhanced the synthesis which was specifically inhibited by the addition of sense and antisense transcripts corresponding to 3' terminal 242 nucleotides as well as the 5' terminal 458 nucleotides of PhMV genomic RNA while yeast tRNA or ribosomal RNA failed to inhibit the synthesis. This specific inhibition suggested that the 5' and 3' non-coding regions of PhMV RNA might play an important role in viral replication

Comparative study of adverse effect profile of first line drugs Zidovudine (ZDV) + Lamivudine (3TC) + Nevirapine (NVP) Vs Tenofovir (TDF) + Lamivudine (3TC) + Atazanavir (ATV) + Ritonovir (RTV) in HIV/AIDS patients

Background: The biggest threat to mankind from the health perspective is probably the virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) responsible for a serious disease known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). To compare the adverse effect profile of two antiretroviral regimens i.e, Zidovudine (ZDV) + Lamivudine (3TC) + Nevirapine (NVP) [regimen A] Vs Tenofovir (TDF) + Lamivudine (3TC) + Atazanavir(ATV) + Ritonavir (RTV) [regimen B] by clinical and biochemical methods.Methods: This prospective, observational study was carried out in 200 HIV positive patients receiving first line and second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) at ART centre, GGH, Vijayawada. Out of 200 patients, 100 patients received regimen A [(ZDV) + (3TC) + (NVP)] and 100 patients were treated with regimen B [(TDF) + (3TC) + (ATV) + (RTV)]. The collected data has been analysed and presented.Results: Out of 200 patients, 110 patients developed ADRs. In this 110, 38 patients received regimen A and 18 patients received regimen B and had CD4 + count 250 cells/ mm3.Conclusions: The ADRs were most common in those patients whose CD4+ count is less than 250cells/cu mm. Though the patients on second line showed significant increase in CD4+count, number of patients with ADRs were also more with regimen B. Though atazanavir containing regimen is more efficacious than zidovudine containing regimen, but regimen B produces more serious adverse effects. So, second line drugs are reserved for treatment failures to first line, drug resistance and for those not tolerating first line drugs

Seed Hardening and Moisture Conservation Practices to Mitigate Water Stress in Cowpea

Cowpea is an important protein catering feed/fodder for cattle. Being a non-season bound crop, it can be grown throughout the year and performs well during summer season under irrigation but water scarcity limits its area under cultivation. It necessitates the development of alternate management technologies to overcome the water stress period for the sustainable growth and yield of the crop. Seed hardening, soil moisture conservation measures like mulching and antitranspirant sprays are the techniques which helps the plant to survive under drought. So the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of various seed primers, antitranspirants and mulches for mitigating water stress in cowpea grown during summer season, to find out the best among each and also to assess the response of cowpea to these techniques under water stress conditions

Similarities in the genomic sequence and coat protein structure of plant virsuses

The genomic sequences of several RNA plant viruses including cucumber mosaic virus, brome mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus have become available recently. The former two viruses are icosahedral while the latter two are bullet and rod shaped, respectively in particle morphology. The non-structural 3a proteins of cucumber mosaic virus and brome mosaic virus have an amino acid sequence homology of 35% and hence are evolutionarily related. In contrast, the coat proteins exhibit little homology, although the circular dichroism spectrum of these viruses are similar. The non-coding regions of the genome also exhibit variable but extensive homology. Comparison of the brome mosaic virus and alfalfa mosaic virus sequences reveals that they are probably related although with a much larger evolutionary distance. The polypeptide folds of the coat protein of three biologically distinct isometric plant viruses, tomato Bushy stunt virus, southern bean mosaic virus and satellite tobacco necrosis virus have been shown to display a striking resemblance. All of them consist of a topologically similar 8-standard β-Barrel. The implications of these studies to the understanding of the evolution of plant viruses will be discussed