Overeducation and hourly wages in the UK labour market; 2006 to 2017

In 2017, around 16% of all those in employment aged 16 to 64 years were overeducated (had more education than required for their job); the corresponding figure for graduates (with first degree or equivalent) was around 31%. In 2017, 21.7% of those who graduated before 1992 were overeducated, whereas the corresponding figure for those who graduated in 2007 or later was 34.2%. There is a wage penalty associated with overeducation, although overeducated employees earn positive return on wages, this is significantly lower compared with those who are matched to their jobs. In 2017, the overeducation rate was similar for women and for men, however the wage penalty for overeducation was somewhat higher for men than for women; this suggests that overeducation does not contribute to gender pay gap. Recent graduates experience lower pay penalty on overeducation compared with non-recent graduate

A symbolic data-driven technique based on evolutionary polynomial regression

This paper describes a new hybrid regression method that combines the best features of conventional numerical regression techniques with the genetic programming symbolic regression technique. The key idea is to employ an evolutionary computing methodology to search for a model of the system/process being modelled and to employ parameter estimation to obtain constants using least squares. The new technique, termed Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR) overcomes shortcomings in the GP process, such as computational performance; number of evolutionary parameters to tune and complexity of the symbolic models. Similarly, it alleviates issues arising from numerical regression, including difficulties in using physical insight and over-fitting problems. This paper demonstrates that EPR is good, both in interpolating data and in scientific knowledge discovery. As an illustration, EPR is used to identify polynomial formulæ with progressively increasing levels of noise, to interpolate the Colebrook-White formula for a pipe resistance coefficient and to discover a formula for a resistance coefficient from experimental data

Estimating the value of service exports by destination from different parts of Great Britain: 2015

This is the first time we are publishing service export figures by country of destination for countries, regions and industries in Great Britain; our analysis includes around 45% of total service exports and excludes finance, travel and transport because of data limitations. London dominated the absolute value of service exports to the EU, contributing 42% of the total EU exports (around £15.6 billion) in 2015. The EU market was more significant for service exports from the North East and West Midlands compared with London and the North West. In the North East, half of total service exports went to the EU, whereas this figure is only one-quarter for the North West. Real estate, professional, scientific and technical industries were the largest exporters of services, followed by information and communication industries, then services connected to manufacturing, generating 35%, 29% and 15% of the total service exports respectively. Of all Great Britain service exports in 2015, 10% went to the Commonwealth (around £9.8 billion), and London generated almost half of those exports (around £4.6 billion). Of Asian markets, Japan was the single largest destination for service exports from London and the East (receiving about £0.8 billion and £0.2 billion respectively), while the single largest Asian destination from Yorkshire and The Humber, Wales and the South West was Saudi Arabia

Identification of leakages by calibration of WDS models

Open Access journalCopyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.12th International Conference on Computing and Control for the Water Industry, CCWI2013Leakage detection is critical for the proper management of water distribution systems (WDS). This paper proposes a leak detection approach based on a Bayesian calibration method. The methodology uses a newly formulated index, μ, which takes into account the variation of roughness in pipes between the calibrated models with and without leaks. Case studies, which use literature networks, are presented to demonstrate how the approach can be used in identifying pipes with losses. The approach starts with a calibration method followed by the analysis of sensitivity matrices. The approach proved to be effective in finding leaks, but the results depend crucially on the number and quality of the observed data.European CommissionEuropean Social FundRegion of Calabri

emergency management of water distribution systems the nodal demand control

Abstract During emergency situations (e.g., due to pipe bursts or other network failures), appropriate management of Water Distribution Systems (WDS) is required. Critical events often cause service failures, because the pressure head in some nodes of the network become inadequate to deliver required demand. In this paper, a new methodology is developed based on the nodal demand control. with the aim to increase the pressure head, and hence the flow rate actually delivered at critical nodes (i.e., hospitals, vulnerable customers, etc.). This is done to avoid or minimize service interruptions between the failure and the repair times. Furthermore, a pipe burst can cause isolation of a portion of the network such that the flow along pipes changes and this causes the reduction of head in some nodes. The proposed methodology is manages the delivered flow rate using a Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) approach. This is based on operating control of valves and by identifying the nodes where the pressure control should be implemented. Those control nodes are chosen by the analysis of sensitivity matrices and the Max-Sum Method (Bush and Uber, 1998; Fiorini Morosini et al., 2014). The methodology is demonstrated on a case study for a real network of Cosenza, a town in the South of Italy