4,552 research outputs found
Interannual variability of tropospheric composition:the influence of changes in emissions, meteorology and clouds
We have run a chemistry transport model (CTM) to systematically examine the drivers of interannual variability of tropospheric composition during 1996-2000. This period was characterised by anomalous meteorological conditions associated with the strong El Nino of 1997-1998 and intense wildfires, which produced a large amount of pollution. On a global scale, changing meteorology (winds, temperatures, humidity and clouds) is found to be the most important factor driving interannual variability of NO2 and ozone on the timescales considered. Changes in stratosphere-troposphere exchange, which are largely driven by meteorological variability, are found to play a particularly important role in driving ozone changes. The strong influence of emissions on NO2 and ozone interannual variability is largely confined to areas where intense biomass burning events occur. For CO, interannual variability is almost solely driven by emission changes, while for OH meteorology dominates, with the radiative influence of clouds being a very strong contributor. Through a simple attribution analysis for 1996-2000 we conclude that changing cloudiness drives 25% of the interannual variability of OH over Europe by affecting shortwave radiation. Over Indonesia this figure is as high as 71%. Changes in cloudiness contribute a small but non-negligible amount (up to 6%) to the interannual variability of ozone over Europe and Indonesia. This suggests that future assessments of trends in tropospheric oxidizing capacity should account for interannual variability in cloudiness, a factor neglected in many previous studies
Scalar conservation laws with nonconstant coefficients with application to particle size segregation in granular flow
Granular materials will segregate by particle size when subjected to shear,
as occurs, for example, in avalanches. The evolution of a bidisperse mixture of
particles can be modeled by a nonlinear first order partial differential
equation, provided the shear (or velocity) is a known function of position.
While avalanche-driven shear is approximately uniform in depth, boundary-driven
shear typically creates a shear band with a nonlinear velocity profile. In this
paper, we measure a velocity profile from experimental data and solve initial
value problems that mimic the segregation observed in the experiment, thereby
verifying the value of the continuum model. To simplify the analysis, we
consider only one-dimensional configurations, in which a layer of small
particles is placed above a layer of large particles within an annular shear
cell and is sheared for arbitrarily long times. We fit the measured velocity
profile to both an exponential function of depth and a piecewise linear
function which separates the shear band from the rest of the material. Each
solution of the initial value problem is non-standard, involving curved
characteristics in the exponential case, and a material interface with a jump
in characteristic speed in the piecewise linear case
Dynamics and stress in gravity driven granular flow
We study, using simulations, the steady-state flow of dry sand driven by
gravity in two-dimensions. An investigation of the microscopic grain dynamics
reveals that grains remain separated but with a power-law distribution of
distances and times between collisions.
While there are large random grain velocities, many of these fluctuations are
correlated across the system and local rearrangements are very slow. Stresses
in the system are almost entirely transfered by collisions and the structure of
the stress tensor comes almost entirely from a bias in the directions in which
collisions occur.Comment: 4 pages, 3 eps figures, RevTe
Determining the Weak Phase From Charged Decays
A quadrangle relation is shown to be satisfied by the amplitudes for , and . By comparison with the
corresponding relation satisfied by decay amplitudes, it is shown that
the relative phases of all the amplitudes can be determined up to discrete
ambiguities. Making use of an SU(3) relation between amplitudes contributing to
the above decays and those contributing to , it is
then shown that one can determine the weak phase , where is the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa
matrix describing the charge-changing weak interactions between the quarks
and .Comment: 16 pages, latex, 7 uuencoded figure
Lattice Point Generating Functions and Symmetric Cones
We show that a recent identity of Beck-Gessel-Lee-Savage on the generating
function of symmetrically contrained compositions of integers generalizes
naturally to a family of convex polyhedral cones that are invariant under the
action of a finite reflection group. We obtain general expressions for the
multivariate generating functions of such cones, and work out the specific
cases of a symmetry group of type A (previously known) and types B and D (new).
We obtain several applications of the special cases in type B, including
identities involving permutation statistics and lecture hall partitions.Comment: 19 page
How to be causal: time, spacetime, and spectra
I explain a simple definition of causality in widespread use, and indicate
how it links to the Kramers Kronig relations. The specification of causality in
terms of temporal differential eqations then shows us the way to write down
dynamical models so that their causal nature /in the sense used here/ should be
obvious to all. To extend existing treatments of causality that work only in
the frequency domain, I derive a reformulation of the long-standing Kramers
Kronig relations applicable not only to just temporal causality, but also to
spacetime "light-cone" causality based on signals carried by waves. I also
apply this causal reasoning to Maxwell's equations, which is an instructive
example since their casual properties are sometimes debated.Comment: v4 - add Appdx A, "discrete" picture (not in EJP); v5 - add Appdx B,
cause classification/frames (not in EJP); v7 - unusual model case; v8 add
reference
Bacteriological And Clinical Evaluation Of Twelve Cases Of Post-Surgical Sepsis Of Odontogenic Tumors At A Referral Centre
Objective: To detennine the bacterial aetiology of sepsis occurring following surgery of odontogenic
tumours and assess the effect of prompt and proper antibiotic usage.
Desigu: A prospective study.
Settiug: A tertiary referral centre in Lagos, Nigeria. . .
Subjects: Twelve patients with odontogenic tumours that developed sepsis postoperatively. Eight
of the patients were referred from private hospitals, the remaining were in-patients who sought for
alternative medical attention following interruption of health care services at the referral cenlre.
TutenJmtiou: Adequate review of patient's medical history, bacteriological investigations and
antibiotic therapy.
Mniu outcome measures: Bacteriological and clinic~! cure following antibiotic therapy based on
susceptibility test results.
Results: Two categories of patients were identified; those who completed the course of antibiotics
prescribed post-surgery and patients who failed to conform to antibiotic prescription. Sepsis
developed in the non-compliance group much earlier than in the group that complied (p<0.001).
Infections were polybacterial with aerobes accounting for 77.4% (a-haemolytic streptococci
29.0%, Streptococcus pyogenes 16.1%, ~tapllylococcus aureus 16.1%, diphtheroids 9.7%, Klebsiella
puemnouiae 6.5%) and anaerobes 22.6% (Porpltyromonas gingiva lis 9.7%, Peptostreptococcus spp.
6.5%, Prevotella melnninogenica 3.2%, Clostridium perfringeus 3.2%). Mixed aerobic and anaerobic
aetiology occurred more in osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma. Clostridium perfriugens was isolated
from a case of osteosarcoma with necrotic tissues. The anaerobic bacteria were 100% sensitive to
metronidazole, ciprolloxacin and augmentin, 65-85% sensitivity to ampicloxacillin, amoxicillin
and erythromycin. Over 92% of the streptococci were sensitive to the P-Lactams contrast low
susceptibility with S. aureus and K. pnemnoniae.
Couclusion: Interruption of healthcare service was the sole factor identified in the development of
sepsis as the patients could not be monitored to ensure compliance to prescriptio
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