238 research outputs found

    Expression of the given-new contrast in referential communication: A study of seven and nine year-old children.

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    International audienceMonolingual French-speaking children (7- and 9-year-old boys and girls) were asked to describe reversible events for peers. Addressees had some information about one of the two characters involved in each event, but this information was either restricted to the character's identity or extended to his/her semantic role (agent vs patient). The way speakers introduced each character and linked together given and new information for the addressee was studied. The linguistic devices used varied with the kind of information to be communicated. The way the speaker's discourse was formulated changed with age

    Diversité des lectures littéraires : comment former des sujets lecteurs divers?

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    We argue that literary reading education, at secondary school and CEGEP levels, can contribute to the development of diverse subject readers—i.e., plural, changing and contradictory subjects—within a historical perspective but able to distance themselves reflexively, aided by their own interpretation of the text and the interpretations of other readers. Firstly, we developed a model for understanding subject reader diversity, based on the critical analysis of a uniform, homogeneous and essentialist concept of the subject that the school should teach and the culture that it wishes to pass on. Secondly, we examined to what extent the diversity of interpretations actually produced by students can effectively establish the mediation of the understanding of self and others as a diverse subject reader. This understanding is inevitably transitory, fragmented, intersubjective and reflexive, given that it is based on the confrontation between different interpretations produced successively by the same reader and simultaneously by several readers. Thirdly, we described and explained how students develop several interpretations of a literary text by using their various subjectivity resources while at the same time appropriating interpretive elements developed jointly with their peers and teacher. In keeping with these hermeneutic and praxeological objectives, we have designed a teaching sequence, based on La plage des songes by S. PĂ©an (1998). This sequence incorporates individual and collaborative reading, writing and speaking activities. It was tested by two teachers, during the first year of lycĂ©e studies in France and as part of a CEGEP-level course in Quebec. Our qualitative methodology is intended to promote thorough understanding of seven reader paths, using data gathered through classroom observation, student texts and interviews. This multi-case study confirms that students are capable of linking different subjective resources (cognitive, epistemic, psycho-emotional, sociocultural, axiological), taking a step back from their interpretations and those of their peers, and reflecting on their reading experience. Intersubjective exchanges (particularly between the reading committees) play a significant role in students’ reflexive understanding of the singularity and diversity of their interpretative paths.Nous soutenons que l’enseignement de la lecture littĂ©raire, au lycĂ©e et au cĂ©gep, peut contribuer Ă  former des sujets lecteurs divers, c’est-Ă -dire des sujets pluriels, changeants et contradictoires, situĂ©s dans une historicitĂ©, mais capables de s’en distancier de maniĂšre rĂ©flexive, et ce, grĂące Ă  la mĂ©diation du texte lu et Ă  celle des autres lecteurs du texte. PremiĂšrement, nous avons Ă©laborĂ© un modĂšle de comprĂ©hension de la diversitĂ© des sujets lecteurs, basĂ© sur la critique d’une conception unitaire, homogĂšne et essentialiste du sujet que l’école devrait former et de la culture qu’elle souhaite transmettre. DeuxiĂšmement, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© dans quelle mesure la diversitĂ© des interprĂ©tations effectivement produites par les Ă©lĂšves peut constituer une mĂ©diation efficace de la comprĂ©hension de soi-mĂȘme et d’autrui comme sujet lecteur divers. Cette comprĂ©hension reposant sur la confrontation entre les interprĂ©tations produites successivement par un mĂȘme lecteur et simultanĂ©ment par plusieurs lecteurs, elle est nĂ©cessairement transitoire, fragmentaire, intersubjective et rĂ©flexive. TroisiĂšmement, nous avons dĂ©crit et expliquĂ© comment des Ă©lĂšves Ă©laborent plusieurs interprĂ©tations d’un texte littĂ©raire, Ă  la fois en mobilisant les diverses ressources de leur subjectivitĂ© et en s’appropriant des Ă©lĂ©ments interprĂ©tatifs coconstruits avec leurs pairs et leur enseignant. En cohĂ©rence avec ces visĂ©es hermĂ©neutiques et praxĂ©ologiques, nous avons conçu une sĂ©quence d’enseignement, axĂ©e sur La plage des songes de S. PĂ©an (1998), intĂ©grant des activitĂ©s individuelles et collaboratives de lecture, d’écriture et d’oral. Ce dispositif a Ă©tĂ© expĂ©rimentĂ© par deux enseignants, dans une classe de seconde en France et dans une classe de cĂ©gep au QuĂ©bec. Notre mĂ©thodologie qualitative vise la comprĂ©hension approfondie de sept parcours de lecteurs, grĂące au croisement de donnĂ©es recueillies par le biais d’observations de cours, de textes d’élĂšves et d’entretiens. L’étude multicas confirme que les Ă©lĂšves sont capables de mettre en relation diverses ressources subjectives (cognitives, Ă©pistĂ©miques, psychoaffectives, socioculturelles, axiologiques), de mettre Ă  distance leurs interprĂ©tations et celles de leurs pairs et de rĂ©flĂ©chir sur leur expĂ©rience lectorale. Les Ă©changes intersubjectifs (en particulier les comitĂ©s de lecteurs) jouent un rĂŽle significatif dans la comprĂ©hension rĂ©flexive par les Ă©lĂšves de la singularitĂ© et de la diversitĂ© de leur parcours interprĂ©tatif

    La diversitĂ© des sujets lecteurs dans l’enseignement de la lecture littĂ©raire

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    Cet article rend compte des principaux rĂ©sultats d’une recherche doctorale que nous avons menĂ©e sur l’enseignement de la lecture littĂ©raire au lycĂ©e (France) et au cĂ©gep (QuĂ©bec). Nous soutenons que l’enseignement de la lecture littĂ©raire peut contribuer Ă  former des sujets lecteurs divers, c’est-Ă -dire des sujets multiples, changeants et contradictoires, situĂ©s dans un contexte culturel complexe et mouvant, mais capables de s’en distancer de maniĂšre rĂ©flexive, et ce, grĂące Ă  la mĂ©diation du texte lu et Ă  celle des autres lecteurs du texte. Cette « étude multi-cas » contribue Ă  la comprĂ©hension approfondie de sept « parcours de lecteurs » Ă©lĂšves, grĂące Ă  l’analyse qualitative de donnĂ©es recueillies par le biais d’observations de cours, de textes d’élĂšves et d’entretiens.This article presents the main results of our doctoral research on the teaching of literary reading in high school (France) and college (Quebec). We argue that the teaching of literary reading education can contribute to educate « diverse subject readers », e.g. multiple, changing and contradictory subjects – these subjects being situated within a complex and uncertain cultural context, but able to distance themselves reflexively, through the mediation of the text itself and the mediation of other readers of the text. This multi-case study promotes a thorough understanding of seven « reader’s paths », using qualitative data gathered by classroom observation, student texts and interviews

    Former des sujets lecteurs enseignants. Une Ă©tude exploratoire des apports de l’écriture rĂ©flexive Ă  l’appropriation de la lecture littĂ©raire par les futurs enseignants de littĂ©rature du collĂ©gial.

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    Dans la continuitĂ© des travaux sur les usages de concepts didactiques en formation, cette Ă©tude a consistĂ© Ă  comprendre l’appropriation de savoirs et de pratiques d’enseignement de la lecture littĂ©raire par de futurs enseignants de littĂ©rature du collĂ©gial. Les carnets de lecteurs de dix sujets lecteurs enseignants ont Ă©tĂ© soumis Ă  une analyse de contenu. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que l’écriture rĂ©flexive et les activitĂ©s de lecture (inter)subjective favorisent l’appropriation de savoirs et de pratiques issus de la didactique de la littĂ©rature.In the continuity of the research about the uses of didactic concepts in training, this study consisted on understanding the appropriation of knowledge and teaching practices of the literary reading by future College literature teachers. The reader’s diaries of ten subject readers were put through content analysis. The results suggest that the reflexive writing and the (inter)subjective reading activities favors knowledge and practices appropriation of the literature didactics

    Comprendre l’activitĂ© d’enseignant(e)s utilisant des formes pĂ©dagogiques coopĂ©ratives nouvelles dans le secondaire

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    Cette Ă©tude porte sur des formes pĂ©dagogiques coopĂ©ratives, peu rĂ©pandues dans l’enseignement du secondaire. Elles se veulent ĂȘtre une alternative aux deux formats pĂ©dagogiques anciens et trĂšs rĂ©pandus : le cours dialoguĂ© et le travail individuel Ă©crit. Conduite dans le cadre de l’anthropologie cognitive situĂ©e, cette Ă©tude montre comment l’activitĂ© de trois enseignant(e)s expĂ©rimentĂ©(e)s (histoire-gĂ©ographie, français et mathĂ©matique) qui ont fait Ă©voluer leurs pratiques pĂ©dagogiques dans cette orientation, se restructure au niveau de l’organisation de l’espace-temps, de l’exploitation des supports ou des artefacts et au niveau des modes d’interactions entre les Ă©lĂšves, mais aussi entre le groupe et l’enseignant. Elle met Ă©galement en Ă©vidence des prĂ©occupations communicationnelle et relationnelle trĂšs prĂ©sentes et une posture d’accompagnement plus que d’enseignement qui Ă©loignent ces enseignant(e)s de la culture scolaire traditionnelle. Dans un contexte Ă©ducatif français oĂč les rĂ©formes successives dĂ©bouchent sur des Ă©checs tant au niveau de l’amĂ©lioration des rĂ©sultats des Ă©lĂšves que du bien-ĂȘtre Ă  l’école, comprendre les raisons d’agir de ces enseignant(e)s et identifier les conditions qui leur ont permis d’opĂ©rer des transformations effectives de leurs pratiques de classe semble trĂšs utile pour alimenter la formation initiale et continue.This study focuses on collaborative pedagogical formats which are not widely used yet in secondary education. They are intended to be an alternative to class dialogues and seatwork, the two older and more widely spread educational formats. This study was conducted within the framework of situated cognitive anthropology. The results obtained show how the activity of three experienced teachers who have changed their teaching practices towards collaborative pedagogical formats (in history/geography, French and mathematics) tends to restructure in terms of: time and space organization; communication support and artifact utilization; and interaction modes among pupils as well as between the class and the teacher. Furthermore, this study reveals significant communication and relationship concerns on the teachers’ side, and a support approach rather than a teaching approach, which distance these teachers from the traditional school culture. In a French educational context where successive reforms lead to failures both in terms of improving student outcomes and well-being at school, understanding the reasons for these teachers’ actions and identifying the conditions that enabled them to make effective transformations of their class practices would appear to be very useful for nurturing initial training and continuing education

    Arab metrology

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    Separata de: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. XVI, part 4DigitalizaciĂłn Fondo Granadin

    Neutralising Antibodies against Ricin Toxin

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    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have listed the potential bioweapon ricin as a Category B Agent. Ricin is a so-called A/B toxin produced by plants and is one of the deadliest molecules known. It is easy to prepare and no curative treatment is available. An immunotherapeutic approach could be of interest to attenuate or neutralise the effects of the toxin. We sought to characterise neutralising monoclonal antibodies against ricin and to develop an effective therapy. For this purpose, mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against the two chains of ricin toxin (RTA and RTB). Seven mAbs were selected for their capacity to neutralise the cytotoxic effects of ricin in vitro. Three of these, two anti-RTB (RB34 and RB37) and one anti-RTA (RA36), when used in combination improved neutralising capacity in vitro with an IC50 of 31 ng/ml. Passive administration of association of these three mixed mAbs (4.7 ”g) protected mice from intranasal challenges with ricin (5 LD50). Among those three antibodies, anti-RTB antibodies protected mice more efficiently than the anti-RTA antibody. The combination of the three antibodies protected mice up to 7.5 hours after ricin challenge. The strong in vivo neutralising capacity of this three mAbs combination makes it potentially useful for immunotherapeutic purposes in the case of ricin poisoning or possibly for prevention
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