THE VISUAL AND SPATIAL INFLUENCE OF TEMPLES UPON SOUTH INDIAN TEMPLE TOWNS

Temple cities of south India have achieved the highest social, cultural, and economic ideals through many centuries, representing a unique genre of built fabric and functioning as independent social units. Over time, the concept of a south Indian temple city has evolved from simple settlements into a complex theory that incorporates a huge deal of experience and experimentation. In the context of South Indian temple cities, the temple complex is not limited to the central core, but encompasses the whole settlement, which is recognized for its ability to adapt to urban change and continued habitation. In South Indian temple cities, the built environment is arranged, proportioned, and designed to reflect the physical, cultural, and functional setting. Throughout the ages, the temple cities of South India have been shaped by numerous cultural and political influences that left an indelible mark on their visual fabric. The purpose of this study is to examine how temples and temple towns have interacted over time, examining the relationship between the development of temple towns in South India. Throughout the course of the research, temples are examined in terms of how they shape the architectural styles and design elements of the surrounding urban fabric, and how they are oriented and situated within the urban context to create spatial and visual hierarchies, which affect the overall layout and design of the city. Moreover, the study explains how temple festivals and rituals, such as the Ratha Yatra, shape the social and cultural life of South Indian temple towns and how they are manifested in urban settings. In addition, the study examines how urbanization and development pressures affect the historic fabric of South Indian temple towns and how these cities can preserve their unique cultural and religious heritages. In traditional South Indian temple towns, the urban fabric reflects the community's cultural needs and aspirations and is based on a variety of architectural and planning frameworks. In these towns, the built environment is inextricably linked to religious and cultural practices based on the metaphysical interpretation of space. This study explores the basic norms that govern the structure and function of Indian temple towns and analyzes how temples interact with the surrounding urban fabric. Temples are often the focal points of these towns, and their architectural styles and design elements influence the surrounding urban fabric. This study analyzes three temple cities in South India on the basis of their social, architectural, and cultural continuities and changes. Combined with the socio-cultural attributes of these spaces, interconnections between people have caused a considerable spatial configuration. In addition to implementing both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the research utilizes combinational research strategies such as logical reasoning, comparative simulation and descriptive-analysis to examine the South Indian temple towns. The study also includes questionniers, field studies, documentation, questionnaires and desk research. As part of this study, three primary components are considered for analysing the environmental image: Gopuram represents identity, Ratha Yatra represents structure, and temple represents meaning. Our main goal is to gain insight into how these three components contribute both to the form and function of temple towns in South India. In this study, the architectural styles and style elements of temples in South India are analyzed and their influence on the surrounding urban fabric is discussed in relation to the historical development of South Indian temple towns. A study of how temples are positioned and oriented within the urban environment in order to establish visual and spatial hierarchies, assessing the social and cultural impact of temple festivals and rituals in South Indian temple towns, and identifying the challenges and opportunities for preserving the historic fabric of South Indian temple towns despite the pressures of urbanization and development. The visual influence of southern Indian temples on the built environment has been examined using a regression model, and a number of samples of visual heritage, as well as direct observations and documentation, have been collected. Through the analysis of the composition of south Indian temple cities, the findings of this research will contribute to the preservation and enhancement of India's rich cultural and architectural heritage

THE VISUAL AND SPATIAL INFLUENCE OF TEMPLES UPON SOUTH INDIAN TEMPLE TOWNS

Temple cities of south India have achieved the highest social, cultural, and economic ideals through many centuries, representing a unique genre of built fabric and functioning as independent social units. Over time, the concept of a south Indian temple city has evolved from simple settlements into a complex theory that incorporates a huge deal of experience and experimentation. In the context of South Indian temple cities, the temple complex is not limited to the central core, but encompasses the whole settlement, which is recognized for its ability to adapt to urban change and continued habitation. In South Indian temple cities, the built environment is arranged, proportioned, and designed to reflect the physical, cultural, and functional setting. Throughout the ages, the temple cities of South India have been shaped by numerous cultural and political influences that left an indelible mark on their visual fabric. The purpose of this study is to examine how temples and temple towns have interacted over time, examining the relationship between the development of temple towns in South India. Throughout the course of the research, temples are examined in terms of how they shape the architectural styles and design elements of the surrounding urban fabric, and how they are oriented and situated within the urban context to create spatial and visual hierarchies, which affect the overall layout and design of the city. Moreover, the study explains how temple festivals and rituals, such as the Ratha Yatra, shape the social and cultural life of South Indian temple towns and how they are manifested in urban settings. In addition, the study examines how urbanization and development pressures affect the historic fabric of South Indian temple towns and how these cities can preserve their unique cultural and religious heritages. In traditional South Indian temple towns, the urban fabric reflects the community's cultural needs and aspirations and is based on a variety of architectural and planning frameworks. In these towns, the built environment is inextricably linked to religious and cultural practices based on the metaphysical interpretation of space. This study explores the basic norms that govern the structure and function of Indian temple towns and analyzes how temples interact with the surrounding urban fabric. Temples are often the focal points of these towns, and their architectural styles and design elements influence the surrounding urban fabric. This study analyzes three temple cities in South India on the basis of their social, architectural, and cultural continuities and changes. Combined with the socio-cultural attributes of these spaces, interconnections between people have caused a considerable spatial configuration. In addition to implementing both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the research utilizes combinational research strategies such as logical reasoning, comparative simulation and descriptive-analysis to examine the South Indian temple towns. The study also includes questionniers, field studies, documentation, questionnaires and desk research. As part of this study, three primary components are considered for analysing the environmental image: Gopuram represents identity, Ratha Yatra represents structure, and temple represents meaning. Our main goal is to gain insight into how these three components contribute both to the form and function of temple towns in South India. In this study, the architectural styles and style elements of temples in South India are analyzed and their influence on the surrounding urban fabric is discussed in relation to the historical development of South Indian temple towns. A study of how temples are positioned and oriented within the urban environment in order to establish visual and spatial hierarchies, assessing the social and cultural impact of temple festivals and rituals in South Indian temple towns, and identifying the challenges and opportunities for preserving the historic fabric of South Indian temple towns despite the pressures of urbanization and development. The visual influence of southern Indian temples on the built environment has been examined using a regression model, and a number of samples of visual heritage, as well as direct observations and documentation, have been collected. Through the analysis of the composition of south Indian temple cities, the findings of this research will contribute to the preservation and enhancement of India's rich cultural and architectural heritage

An Insight into the Traditional Uses, Phytoconstituents and Pharmacological Activities of the Genus Tylophora

Traditional plants have huge demand as medicines to treat a wide range of illnesses. Tylophora is an important genus of medicinal plant in India, used to treat asthma and other ailments. The plants of this genus have been studied in vivo and in vitro for various pharmacological properties. In this article, we have given information regarding ethnomedicinal importance, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses of 18 species of Tylophora. Comprehensive information regarding different species of Tylophora were collected using different keywords in various electronic databases such as ACS, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SciFinder, Web of Science, Springer Link, library search, J gate, Wiley, Semantic Scholar and ResearchGate since 1960 to 2023. Additionally, data was collected from some textbooks and chapters like Flora of India and Indian medicinal plants. This article highlights the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of the few studied taxa of Tylophora that would serve as a reference for pharmaceutical research. More than 100 compounds have been isolated from selected species of the genus Tylophora. Among them, phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids have received the most attention and are the most abundant active constituents of the plant. Other types of active components of genus Tylophora include C21 glycosides, secoiridoids, triterpenes, and furano alkaloids. These compounds have shown a variety of therapeutic activities like antiasthmatic, antitumour, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antiallergic properties. This review can be an important scientific resource for further research

Dynamic Universe Model solves “Faster than Light Neutrinos” riddle.

<p><b>Abstract:</b> </p> <p>                         There are many instances that reported Superluminal neutrinos.   Dynamic Universe Model explains the how and why of  “Faster than Light Neutrinos” without any modification in its theory. Various instances like Astronomical jets, Gravitational catapult, MINOS experiment and Fermilab1979 in particle experiments and supernova SN1987A and Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) in astronomy Neutrinos travelling faster than speed of light were recorded. There were 76 theoretical experiments conducted and their results are reported in this paper. These experiments were done between 2009 to 2011.  Dynamic Universe Model theory was tested in explaining many anomalies in Physics. Dynamic Universe Model’s many predictions came true. </p> <p><b> </b></p

Vak3 Blue sh Gal CV final Freq Sfift 1 col.pdf

<b>Blue and Red Shifted Galaxies are resulted due to frequency shifting in electromagnetic radiation near gravitating masses in Dynamic Universe Model<br></b><br> <p><b>Abstract: </b> According to General theory of relativity the frequency shift in electro-magnetic (EM) radiation close to a gravitating mass happens in one direction only, but in accordance with Dynamic Universe Model this frequency shift happens on both the sides of spectrum. Here we will derive the results using general Physics and Mathematics that changes the frequency of electromagnetic radiation passing near a moving gravitating mass. The frequency of the radiation will increase (Red shifted) when the relative movement of the gravitating body is in opposite direction to EM radiation and the frequency will reduce when in same direction (Blue shifted). <br></p><p><br> </p><p><b>1. Introduction: </b></p> <p><b> </b></p> <p>General theory of relativity says that the frequency shift in electro-magnetic radiation near a gravitating mass happens in one direction only. Here in this paper we will see that Dynamic Universe Model says this frequency shift happens on both the sides of spectrum. That means towards the frequency of a mass like electron or positron also. In other words Dynamic Universe Model predicts conversion of energy into mass.   </p> <p> </p> <p>Dynamic Universe model is a singularity free tensor based math model. The tensors used are linear without using any differential or integral equations. Only one calculated output set of values exists.  Data means properties of each point mass like its three dimensional coordinates, velocities, accelerations and it’s mass. Newtonian two-body problem used differential equations. Einstein’s general relativity used tensors, which in turn unwrap into differential equations. Dynamic Universe Model uses tensors that give simple equations with interdependencies. Differential equations will not give unique solutions. Whereas Dynamic Universe Model gives a unique solution of positions, velocities and accelerations; for each point mass in the system for every instant of time. This new method of Mathematics in Dynamic Universe Model is different from all earlier methods of solving general N-body problem.</p> <b><br> <br> </b

Preclinical Development of Mahanine-Enriched Fraction from Indian Spice Murraya koenigii for the Management of Cancer: Efficacy, Temperature/pH stability, Pharmacokinetics, Acute and Chronic Toxicity (14-180 Days) Studies

Murraya koenigii is well documented in the Indian ancient medical text “Charaka Samhita.” The carbazole alkaloid “mahanine” from this plant exhibited anticancer activity against several cancers. Here, we have taken a comprehensive study to standardize the method for the preparation of a mahanine-enriched fraction (MEF) with the highest yield and defined markers. Our optimized method produced MEF having the highest amount of mahanine, a major marker, with excellent in vitro antiproliferative activity against ovarian and breast cancer cells as evidenced by decreased cell viability by MTT assay. Moreover, it exhibited condensed and fragmented nuclei by DAPI staining and increased annexin V-/PI-stained cells after MEF treatment, indicating apoptosis. It also exhibited good efficacy in ovarian and breast cancer syngeneic mice models, with an ED50 of 300 mg/kg body weight (BW). MEF is stable up to 40°C for ≥3 months. Its biological activity remains unchanged at a wide range of pH (1-10) for up to ~3 hours, indicating a safe oral route of administration. Additionally, the comparative pharmacokinetics of MEF and mahanine in rats showed a 31% higher bioavailability of mahanine in MEF-fed rats compared to rats fed with mahanine alone. Furthermore, mice fed with MEF at 5000 mg/kg BW single dose, 300-1500 mg/kg BW/day for 14 days, and 300 mg/kg BW/day for 28, 90, and 180 days for subacute, subchronic, chronic studies, respectively, did not show any significant clinical signs of toxicity, behavioral changes, mortality, organ weights, serum biochemistry, and hematological parameters indicating no/minimum toxicity for up to 180 days. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the pH/temperature stability and chronic toxicity studies of MEF along with in vivo efficacy against breast cancer. Taken together, our study will enhance the commercial value of this highly potential medicinal plant and will be helpful as a reference material for its clinical development