Press Gag Law

Depicts a large cartoonist labelled Nelan dipping a small figure labelled Penny in spilled ink with the imprint Press Gag Law. Behind a small dog says, How careless of Penny. In 1903, Samuel Pennypacker, Governor of Pennsylvania, signed the Salus-Grady libel law, also known as the Pennsylvania Anti-Cartoon law, showing his anger with cartoonist Charles Nelan who regularly depicted him as a bird parroting his cousin\u27s rhetoric. There was wide outrage over the Salus-Grady law and it was never enforced and was rescinded in 1907 after Pennypacker\u27s defeat.https://collected.jcu.edu/nelan_political_cartoons/1006/thumbnail.jp

Communication Between Health Care Providers and At-Risk Mothers: Perceptions and Practices

Background This study examined knowledge, attitudes and opinions regarding alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use during pregnancy among women enrolled in drug treatment centers. It also assessed the educational and screening practices of health care professionals who care for women of child-bearing age in Utah. Methods The assessment of ATOD use was based on a convenience sample of women who were enrolled in drug treatment centers in Utah. The sample (n = 60) was surveyed by trained research team members. The assessment of screening practices of physicians and other medical professionals (n = 350) who deal with women’s obstetric and gynecological conditions was conducted via an online survey. An in-depth interview with seven of the professionals was also conducted. Results Most women surveyed (72%) reported that they would follow the advice of their health care provider regarding the use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs (ATOD). Other sources of information (e.g. TV, Internet and radio) were less trusted. The women also indicated that a major barrier to disclosing an ATOD use was fear of negative consequences, both legal and social. Analysis of data from the professionals surveyed indicated that while most do some screening, there is a significant difference in ATOD screening practices for pregnant women and for women who are of childbearing age but not pregnant. Further, while nearly all professionals reported educating women who came to their clinic, fewer than 35% indicated using written educational materials. Lack of time was indicated as the primary barrier to proper screening and education of women in health care clinics. Conclusion Women who have been enrolled in treatment centers for ATOD addictions are fearful of the negative legal and social repercussions as a result of their ATOD use and hence do not consistently seek prenatal care. However, when information is given, most women are willing to comply with the recommendations of their health care providers. Providers are also very interested in quality patient care, but indicate that lack of time does not allow adequate one-on-one time with each patient. Screening and educational practices are performed in most offices, but both the timing of the screening and approach to patient education may not be sufficient to ensure optimal outcomes

Challenge pools of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1-6 prototype strains: replication fitness and pathogenicity in chimpanzees and human liver-chimeric mouse models

Chimpanzees represent the only animal model for studies of the natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV). To generate virus stocks of important HCV variants, we infected chimpanzees with HCV strains of genotypes 1-6 and determined the infectivity titer of acute-phase plasma pools in additional animals. The courses of first- and second-passage infections were similar, with early appearance of viremia, HCV RNA titers of >10(4.7) IU/mL, and development of acute hepatitis; the chronicity rate was 56%. The challenge pools had titers of 10(3)-10(5) chimpanzee infectious doses/mL. Human liver-chimeric mice developed high-titer infections after inoculation with the challenge viruses of genotypes 1-6. Inoculation studies with different doses of the genotype 1b pool suggested that a relatively high virus dose is required to consistently infect chimeric mice. The challenge pools represent a unique resource for studies of HCV molecular virology and for studies of pathogenesis, protective immunity, and vaccine efficacy in vivo

Nurses\u27 Alumnae Association Bulletin, May 1960

Accreditation of Programs in Nursing Alumnae Meetings, 1959 Committee Reports Greetings from the President Highlights from first issue of Alumnae Bulletin Living in the new nurses residence Lost Members Marriages Necrology New Arrivals Notices Personal Items of Interest Report of the School of Nursing and Nursing Services Staff Nurses Association Student Activities Year of tremendous growth and expansio

Nurses\u27 Alumnae Association Bulletin, April 1959

Alumnae News Anniversary Class of /34 Article from Pennsylvania Nurse Committee Reports Current Events at Jefferson Greetings from the President Jefferson Story Lost Members Letter - Past President Marriages Necrology New Arrivals Notices Pictured - Student Nurses\u27 Residence Report of the School of Nursing and Nursing Services Staff Nurses Social Functions Student Activities Voluntary Service Year of Great Activity and Expansio

Using Quantitative and Qualitative Methods to Pretest the Publication Take Charge of Your Diabetes: A Guide for Care

Quantitative and qualitative methods used to pretest the guidebook Take Charge of Your Diabetes: A Guide for Care are presented in this paper. Questionnaires were used as the quantitative method (completed by 59 diabetes educators and 301 people with diabetes) and focus groups were used as the qualitative method (3 groups composed of 22 black men and women with diabetes) to examine the relevance, purpose, content, and presentation of the Guide. Findings from between-methods triangulation supported the relevance, clarity Of messages, identification of groups that would be most likely to benefit, readability, understandability, and credibility of the Guide. Specific areas that needed modification were identified. Each evaluation method provided unique data; for example, quantifiable data on intention to change behavior was provided from one method and a recommendation that diversity be maintained was provided from the other method, The relative strengths and limitations of combining quantitative and qualitative approaches are described.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68540/2/10.1177_014572179602200608.pd

A social-ecological approach to conservation planning: embedding social considerations

Many conservation plans remain unimplemented, in part because of insufficient consideration of the social processes that influence conservation decisions. Complementing social considerations with an integrated understanding of the ecology of a region can result in a more complete conservation approach. We suggest that linking conservation planning to a social-ecological systems (SES) framework can lead to a more thorough understanding of human-environment interactions and more effective integration of social considerations. By characterizing SES as a set of subsystems, and their interactions with each other and with external factors, the SES framework can improve our understanding of the linkages between social and ecological influences on the environment. Using this framework can help to identify socially and ecologically focused conservation actions that will benefit ecosystems and human communities, and assist in the development of more consistent evidence for evaluating conservation actions by comparing conservation case studies

Patellofemoral joint compression forces in backward and forward running

AbstractPatellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common injury and increased patellofemoral joint compression forces (PFJCF) may aggravate symptoms. Backward running (BR) has been suggested for exercise with reduced PFJCF.The aims of this study were to (1) investigate if BR had reduced peak PFJCF compared to forward running (FR) at the same speed, and (2) if PFJCF was reduced in BR, to investigate which biomechanical parameters explained this. It was hypothesized that (1) PFJCF would be lower in BR, and (2) that this would coincide with a reduced peak knee moment caused by altered ground reaction forces (GRFs).Twenty healthy subjects ran in forward and backward directions at consistent speed. Kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected; inverse dynamic and PFJCF analyses were performed.PFJCF were higher in FR than BR (4.5±1.5; 3.4±1.4BW; p<0.01). The majority of this difference (93.1%) was predicted by increased knee moments in FR compared to BR (157±54; 124±51Nm; p<0.01). 54.8% of differences in knee moments could be predicted by the magnitude of the GRF (2.3±0.3; 2.4±0.2BW), knee flexion angle (44±6; 41±7) and center of pressure location on the foot (25±11; 12±6%) at time of peak knee moment. Results were not consistent in all subjects.It was concluded that BR had reduced PFJCF compared to FR. This was caused by an increased knee moment, due to differences in magnitude and location of the GRF vector relative to the knee. BR can therefore be used to exercise with decreased PFJCF

Professional Development

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68715/2/10.1177_014572179301900204.pd