Does Heterogeneity in Program Intensity Matter? Supplementary Feeding Program Evaluation in Indonesia

This paper evaluates an almost universally distributed supplementary feeding program. The use of simple binary program may not reveal sufficient variation to identify program effect. So, taking advantage from detailed information on program implementation in the data set, this paper uses proportion of childs life exposed to the program to reveal variation in program intensity. This enables us to proceed further to deal with endogenous program placement: excluding the non-treated children and focusing estimation of program effect on treated children. The main findings follow. First, although the program was almost universally distributed, there was high variation in program intensity across communities. In addition, the distribution of program intensity appeared to be non-random as indicated by the importance of several observed community characteristics as well as regional unobserved heterogeneity. Second, program appeared to be effective in maintaining nutritional status of children including those with worst initial nutritional status. Its effectiveness however benefited only some segments of the group.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Entry, Exit, Dan Tingkat Konsentrasi Pada Industri Manufaktur Di Indonesia, 1995-1997

Conventional wisdom assumes that concentration rate will change due to the change in entry and exit rate. Entry will negatively influence concentration rate, while exit will change concentration rate positively. This has mainly inspired many governments to adopt what is called the pro-competition policy like deregulation to increase entry rate, hence increasing the competition. Empirically, the relation however, between entry and exit with concentration rate is not such so certain as decribed in theory. The number of entrants (number of firms in broad), as shown in this study, was not the important factor in changing the concentration. It is found that the entrant's market share and relative size were the significant factors in changing the concentration rate. In addition, product differentiation was the only factors affecting the entry, while product differentitation and capital requirement explained the change in exit

THE IMPACT OF RISING FOOD PRICES ON FARMERS’ WELFARE IN INDONESIA

Food prices regularly change due to various factors such as the policy on imports. This paper analyzes the impact of changes in food prices including rice, red onions, and garlic, on farmers’ welfare. The Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) was used to estimate the demand function for food commodities, and the Compensating Variation (CV) was used to estimate the impact of price changes both immediately and in the short-term. This study contributes an idea of how the government makes its policies on food prices and imports, and how they provide benefits for farmers in Indonesia. Data were collected from the 2014 National Socio-economic Survey (SUSENAS). The research results indicated that income improvement led to the increase in rice, red onion and garlic consumption. The dynamics of income, own-price and cross-price elasticity varied, depending on demography, the social economic condition, and the geographic location of the household. The short-term impact of imported products on welfare changes was larger than the immediate impact

ENTRY, EXIT, DAN TINGKAT KONSENTRASI PADA INDUSTRI MANUFAKTUR DI INDONESIA, 1995-1997

Conventional wisdom assumes that concentration rate will change due to the change in entry and exit rate. Entry will negatively influence concentration rate, while exit will change concentration rate positively. This has mainly inspired many governments to adopt what is called the pro-competition policy like deregulation to increase entry rate, hence increasing the competition. Empirically, the relation however, between entry and exit with concentration rate is not such so certain as decribed in theory. The number of entrants (number of firms in broad), as shown in this study, was not the important factor in changing the concentration. It is found that the entrant’s market share and relative size were the significant factors in changing the concentration rate. In addition, product differentiation was the only factors affecting the entry, while product differentitation and capital requirement explained the change in exit.Key words: Entry, Exit, Industrial Concentration, Indonesian Manufacturing

The Impact of Social Safety Net Scholarships Program to School Dropout Rates in Indonesia: The Intention-To-Treat Analysis

This study aims to investigate the role of Indonesia’s Social Safety Net Scholarships Program to the school dropout rates in basic education in Indonesia using Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) and the Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Randomized controlled trials often suffer from two major complications, i.e., noncompliance and missing outcomes. One potential solution to this problem is a statistical concept called intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. One of the challenges of estimating the effect of the JPS program is the non-random allocation of the scholarships. The results showed that the JPS scholarship received by boys and girls per 100 children is proven to be effective in reducing the school dropout rates in basic education, given that levels of education are very vulnerable to dropping out of school as a result of the impact of the economic crisis, particularly in junior secondary school. Meanwhile, the JPS scholarships received by boys more effective to reduce school dropout rates than girls in reducing the school dropout rates, considering that boys are more involved during the economic crisis. The findings were the same in Java and Bali that the average number of boys per 100 children who received JPS scholarship has shown a more significant share in reducing the total dropout number compared to those who are outside the Java and Bali areas. Thus, it will reduce the households that tried to offset the impact of the economic crisis with a variety of coping strategies, especially using boy’s child labor in Java and Bali. Although the JPS scholarship effectively reduces the school dropout rates in basic education, but the influence is still felt inadequate. Therefore, the government needs to fix the target criteria for scholarships recipients to be more accurate and on target with the latest data update. This is important because accurate targeting will determine the effectiveness of the program. Furthermore, it has poor selection criteria carried out by the committee schools, therefore, it needs to be fixed in order to avoid any irregularities

Perluasan Kepesertaan Jaminan Kesehatan bagi Pekerja Sektor Informal (Studi Evaluasi Pra dan Pasca Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional)

ABSTRACTBackground: Informal sector workers still dominate the workforce in Indonesia. BPS data per August 2012 stated that 60.14% of workers in Indonesia’s status as workers in the informal sector. The informal workers is potential members of national health insurance. In achieving Universal Health Coverage, the health BPJS extend its scope beginning in January 2014 to include these workers. Method: This study aimed to evaluate the participation of the informal sector in health insurance scheme pre- and post the national health insurance. The study was conducted with quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative studies using secondary data, participation of workers in the informal sector BPJS 2014 program and qualitative study was obtained through a review of several studies related to worker’s health insurance and literature studies related health insurance policy. Result: The result shows that pre JKN the coverage is still low. This is motivated because the workers are not fully be covered in the social security program and they have not been covered by the Law No. 3 1992. Jamkesmas Program only able to cover poor informal sector workers. However, with the enactment of the National Health Insurance program organized by the health BPJS there is an increase in membership. The first 4 months of  monitoring the implementation of national health insurance showed a sizeable increase in registration. In addition, an increasing number of utilization is dominated by those who are sick. This indicates the occurrence of adverse selection. Based on the policy aspects, their participation has been stated in Presidential Decree No. 111 in 2013, but the rules do not explicitly describe the efforts that must be made in extending coverage and maintaining the continuity of these workers to remain a participant of JKN. This study implies that the policy makers need to create a scheme as effort to ensure the sustainability of the expansion of the membership and participation of the informal sector in health BPJS ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Pekerja sektor informal atau dikenal dengan istilah pekerja bukan penerima upah masih mendominasi angkatan kerja di Indonesia. Data BPS per Agustus 2012 menyebutkan bahwa 60,14% pekerja di Indonesia berstatus sebagai pekerja di sektor informal. Jumlah pekerja informal yang cukup besar merupakan potensi kepesertaan jaminan kesehatan nasional. Dalam upaya pencapaian Universal Health Coverage (UHC), pihak BPJS kesehatan memperluas cakupannya mulai Januari 2014 termasuk pada pekerja ini. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kepesertaan pekerja sektor informal dalam skema jaminan kesehatan pra dan pasca JKN. Metode: Kajian ini dilakukan dengan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Studi Kuantitatif menggunakan data sekunder berupa data kepesertaan pekerja sektor informal pada program BPJS tahun 2014 dan studi kualitatif diperoleh melalui review beberapa hasil penelitian terkait jaminan kesehatan pekerja ini dan studi literatur terkait kebijakan jaminan kesehatan. Hasil: Cakupan kepesertaan pra JKN masih rendah. Hal ini dimotivasi karena pekerja ini belum sepenuhnya ter-cover dalam program jamsostek & keberadaan mereka belum dicakup dalamUU No. 3/1992. Program jamkesmas hanya mampu mengcover pekerja sektor informal miskin. Namun, dengan berlakunya program Jaminan kesehatan Nasional yang diselenggarakan oleh BPJS kesehatan menunjukkan peningkatan kepesertaan. Monitoring 4 bulan pertama pelaksanaan jaminan kesehatannasional menunjukkan adanya kenaikan registrasi yang cukup besar. Selain itu, peningkatan jumlah utilisasi pekerja ini didominasi oleh mereka yang sakit. Hal ini menunjukkan terjadinya adverse selection. Berdasarkan aspek kebijakan,kepesertaan mereka telah tercantum dalam Perpres No. 111 tahun 2013 namun kebijakan ini belum secara eksplisitmenerangkan upaya yang harus dilakukan dalam memperluas kepesertaan dan menjaga kesinambungan pekerja ini untuk tetap menjadi peserta BPJS. Studi ini memberikan implikasi agar pihak pengambil kebijakan jaminan kesehatan nasional perlu membuat skema dalam upaya perluasan kepesertaan dan menjamin keberlangsungan kepesertaan pekerja sektor informal dalam BPJS kesehatan. 

The Impact of Social Safety Net Scholarships Program to School Dropout Rates in Indonesia: The Intention-To-Treat Analysis

This study aims to investigate the role of Indonesia’s Social Safety Net Scholarships Program to the school dropout rates in basic education in Indonesia using Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) and the Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Randomized controlled trials often suffer from two major complications, i.e., noncompliance and missing outcomes. One potential solution to this problem is a statistical concept called intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. One of the challenges of estimating the effect of the JPS program is the non-random allocation of the scholarships. The results showed that the JPS scholarship received by boys and girls per 100 children is proven to be effective in reducing the school dropout rates in basic education, given that levels of education are very vulnerable to dropping out of school as a result of the impact of the economic crisis, particularly in junior secondary school. Meanwhile, the JPS scholarships received by boys more effective to reduce school dropout rates than girls in reducing the school dropout rates, considering that boys are more involved during the economic crisis. The findings were the same in Java and Bali that the average number of boys per 100 children who received JPS scholarship has shown a more significant share in reducing the total dropout number compared to those who are outside the Java and Bali areas. Thus, it will reduce the households that tried to offset the impact of the economic crisis with a variety of coping strategies, especially using boy’s child labor in Java and Bali. Although the JPS scholarship effectively reduces the school dropout rates in basic education, but the influence is still felt inadequate. Therefore, the government needs to fix the target criteria for scholarships recipients to be more accurate and on target with the latest data update. This is important because accurate targeting will determine the effectiveness of the program. Furthermore, it has poor selection criteria carried out by the committee schools, therefore, it needs to be fixed in order to avoid any irregularities

Changes in socioeconomic inequality in Indonesian children's cognitive function from 2000 to 2007: a decomposition analysis

Background: Measuring social inequalities in health is common; however, research examining inequalities in child cognitive function is more limited. We investigated household expenditure-related inequality in children’s cognitive function in Indonesia in 2000 and 2007, the contributors to inequality in both time periods, and changes in the contributors to cognitive function inequalities between the periods. Methods: Data from the 2000 and 2007 round of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) were used. Study participants were children aged 7–14 years (n = 6179 and n = 6680 in 2000 and 2007, respectively). The relative concentration index (RCI) was used to measure the magnitude of inequality. Contribution of various contributors to inequality was estimated by decomposing the concentration index in 2000 and 2007. Oaxaca-type decomposition was used to estimate changes in contributors to inequality between 2000 and 2007. Results: Expenditure inequality decreased by 45% from an RCI = 0.29 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.36) in 2000 to 0.16 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.20) in 2007 but the burden of poorer cognitive function was higher among the disadvantaged in both years. The largest contributors to inequality in child cognitive function were inequalities in per capita expenditure, use of improved sanitation and maternal high school attendance. Changes in maternal high school participation (27%), use of improved sanitation (25%) and per capita expenditures (18%) were largely responsible for the decreasing inequality in children’s cognitive function between 2000 and 2007. Conclusions: Government policy to increase basic education coverage for women along with economic growth may have influenced gains in children’s cognitive function and reductions in inequalities in Indonesia.Amelia Maika, Murthy N. Mittinty, Sally Brinkman, Sam Harper, Elan Satriawan, John W. Lync

Does supplementary food program help children during the crisis? Evidence from Indonesian Panel Data

This study evaluates the effectiveness of supplementary food program that was aimed to help the children to maintain their health when facing the 1997/98 economic crisis in Indonesia. To do so we apply difference-in-difference method for two different kinds of sample: unmatched and matched one. The results from unmatched (using pooled OLS and fixed-effect) and matched (average treatment effect based on propensity scores) tend to be consistent: during 1997/98 crisis, children who were exposed to the program have better nutritional status relative to those who were not. Yet with matching sample we manage to produce higher estimated program effect on nutritional status of the treated children. This result may suggest that the use of matched sample may even further eliminate the contamination of the program effect from unobserved heterogeneity. In addition, the results also raise the importance of properly pick the control groups for the treatment when it comes to the evaluation of public program using survey data

Does Heterogeneity in Program Intensity Matter? Supplementary Feeding Program Evaluation in Indonesia

This paper evaluates an almost universally distributed supplementary feeding program. The use of simple binary program may not reveal sufficient variation to identify program effect. So, taking advantage from detailed information on program implementation in the data set, this paper uses proportion of child's life exposed to the program to reveal variation in program intensity. This enables us to proceed further to deal with endogenous program placement: excluding the non-treated children and focusing estimation of program effect on treated children. The main findings follow. First, although the program was almost universally distributed, there was high variation in program intensity across communities. In addition, the distribution of program intensity appeared to be non-random as indicated by the importance of several observed community characteristics as well as regional unobserved heterogeneity. Second, program appeared to be effective in maintaining nutritional status of children including those with worst initial nutritional status. Its effectiveness however benefited only some segments of the group