Tree cults in Sangam literature

The people of the Sangam age had a nature-based way of life. They took what they wanted from nature. They were amazed at nature that fulfilled their needs. Sometimes they were afraid of its wrath and began to worship as a deity. The way it was worshipped was also based on nature. Rituals are inevitable when it comes to the worship of the deity. Those who believed that the deity resided in the trees worshipped each deity by encoding a tree. The trees worshipped have been preserved as the symbols of the tribal people and have been preserved as police trees. This system of worship is essential for the people of all communities. As there is a change in culture and customs, it is observed that there have been many changes in the methods of worship as well. This article examines the worship of trees, one of the natural forms of worship in the life of the People of the Sangam age

Preclinical and Clinical Study on Padarthamarai (படர் தாமரை) (Pundareega Kuttam)

The study is to highlight the therapeutic efficacy of siddha drugs by conducting a clinical trial on disease ‘Padar thamarai’ with ‘Parangichakkai Chooranam’ as internal medicine and ‘Neeradimuthu Pasai’ as external medicine to the scientific community, a disease Padar Thamarai under the heading of Mukkutram, Udalkattugal, Enn vagai thervu etc., in order to evaluate the pathogenesis, pathology of Padar Thamarai.The treatment was given for Padar thamarai on the basis of principles of Siddha system deranged Thri Thodams were corrected by the trials medicine given to the Padar thamarai. The present clinical study reveals that the trial drug showed Grade - 2 (Reduction of hyper pigmentation) improvement in 71 % of the cases, Grade 3 (Reduction of size and oozing) improvement in 24% of the cases, Grade 4 (Reduction of itching) improvement in 5% cases. There was no adverse effects were reported during the study. Hence the trials drugs are considered as safe. The preparation of Internal and External Medicine were simple also. It is concluded that the trial drugs were therapeutically effective against Padar Thamarai

1-Meth­oxy-4-({[(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)­sulfan­yl](phen­yl)meth­yl}sulfan­yl)benzene

The title compound, C21H20O2S2, forms a propeller-shaped structure with the tetra­hedral C atom as the central hub and meth­oxy­benzene and phenyl residues as radiating blades. Short C—H⋯π contacts are observed

Chemical profiling of fern Cheilosoria mysurensis (Wall. ex Hook.) Ching & Shing and its biological activity

Cheilosoria mysurensis (Wall. ex Hook.) Ching & Shing, a medicinal fern traditionally used to treat burns, throat pain and bone fracture. There is no any scientific report regarding anticancer studies of this species. The aim of the study was to find out the chemical components through GC/MS analysis with their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. GC-MS analysis shows primary ingredients viz, Cis-9, 10-epoxyoctadecan-1-ol and Oxiraneundecanoic acid, 3-pentyl-, methyl ester, trans were present. High free-radical scavenging activity has been discovered in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and showed the IC50 value of 52.13±0.33. Furthermore, C. mysurensis also showed good cytotoxic effects against DLA and EAC cell lines with values of 72.9% and 79.5% at 200 µg/ml dose respectively. Overall findings suggested that the identified chemical compounds proved to be rich in antioxidant property. Further, this fern can be a good resource for pharma industry to produce novel anti-cancer drugs

Novel Proposed Work for Empirical Word Searching in Cloud Environment

People's lives have become much more convenient as a result of the development of cloud storage. The third-party server has received a lot of data from many people and businesses for storage. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the user's data is protected from prying eyes. In the cloud environment, searchable encryption technology is used to protect user information when retrieving data. The versatility of the scheme is, however, constrained by the fact that the majority of them only offer single-keyword searches and do not permit file changes.A novel empirical multi-keyword search in the cloud environment technique is offered as a solution to these issues. Additionally, it prevents the involvement of a third party in the transaction between data holder and user and guarantees integrity. Our system achieves authenticity at the data storage stage by numbering the files, verifying that the user receives a complete ciphertext. Our technique outperforms previous analogous schemes in terms of security and performance and is resistant to inside keyword guessing attacks.The server cannot detect if the same set of keywords is being looked for by several queries because our system generates randomized search queries. Both the number of keywords in a search query and the number of keywords in an encrypted document can be hidden. Our searchable encryption method is effective and protected from the adaptive chosen keywords threat at the same time

3-Benzyl-6-benzyl­amino-1-methyl-5-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­pyrimidine

In the title compound, C19H22N4O2, the tetra­hydro­pyrimidine ring adopts an envelope conformation (with the N atom connected to the benzyl group representing the flap). This benzyl group occupies a quasi-axial position. The two benzyl groups lie over the tetra­hydro­pyridimidine ring. The amino group is a hydrogen-bond donor to the nitro group

Utilization of Marine Fishery Wastes for Protease Production by Halophilic Bacterium Halolactibacillus Miurensis RSK CAS7- A Microbial Approach

The marine wastes generates 50–60% of the total weight of shell fish as waste consists of protein (35–50%), chitin (15–25% of dry weight) which considered as major environmental pollutants due to uncontrolled dumping. The utilisation of marine waste not only solves environmental problems but also decreases the production costs of microbial products. So far in this study, halophilic bacterium was isolated from marine ascidians and identified as Halolactibacillus miurensis RSK CAS7 through 16S rRNA sequence. The effect of different marine wastes such as shrimp shell powder (SSP), crab shell powder (CSP), squid pen powder (SPP), sardinella powder, tuna powder and anchovy powder were tested on protease production. Among these Sardinella powder (579.46 U/ml) and shrimp shell powder (470.36 U/ml) showed maximum level of protease production and followed by other marine wastes. All the significant nutrients identified from the preliminary screening were further screened by using Plackett - Burman Design and it resulted sardinella powder, K2HPO4,NaCl and pH were the highly influencing factors and their concentration were further optimized by using central composite design. Central composite design revealed that four independent variables such as Sardinella powder (14.21 g/l), K2HPO4 (3.81 g/l), NaCl (154.1 g/l) and pH (9.0) were significantly influenced the protease production. With these optimum concentration levels, the maximum protease production (1,794.41 U/ml) was observed. Thus, protease production by microbial conversion of marine wastes suggested its potential utilisation for the production of high value products.Keywords: Waste Management, Protease, Marine Wastes, Halophilic Bacteri

Ply-stacking effects on mechanical properties of Kevlar-29/banana woven mats reinforced epoxy hybrid composites

© The Author(s) 2022. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, to view a copy of the license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Development of new hybrid laminated composites of Kevlar-29 (K-29)/banana fiber (Musa acuminata) mats to meet future demand for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites has been investigated. The different ply-stacking sequenced Kevlar (K)/natural (N) banana reinforced epoxy polymeric hybrid composite samples were designated as KN1, KN2, KN3, KN4, KN5 and KN6, in addition to NN7 and KK8 for single or non-hybrid FRP (control) composite samples. The ply-stacking effects on mechanical properties of all the laminated composite were investigated. The maximum tensile, flexural, impact and interlaminar shear strengths (ILSS) were obtained with sample KN4, because of the stacking of its Kevlar and natural banana mats, which was K2/N4/K2 of 8 layers and different from other stacking sequences. The percentage improvements on tensile strength of sample KN4 when compared with other hybrid composite samples KN1, KN2, KN3, KN5 and KN6 were 6.3, 4.4, 3.6, 13.1 and 11.3%, respectively. While, same optimum sample KN4 recorded highest flexural strength among hybrid samples with percentage improvements of 122.19, 70.97, 31.03 and 83.68% when compared with other hybrid samples KN2, KN3, KN5 and KN6, respectively. Similar trend of results was obtained for their tensile and flexural moduli. But, both hybrid composite samples KN3 and KN4 recorded higher impact strengths of 3.0 and 2.8 J, respectively, when compared with other hybrid counterparts. The tensile and flexural strengths of sample KN4 were 147.48 and 223.69 MPa, respectively. The tensile properties of various theoretical model were compared with experimental values.Peer reviewe

Targeting Nociceptive and Cholinergic Nerves in Irradiated Oropharyngeal Cancer Model Reveals Novel Mechanism for Dysphagia

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/sumexp23/1038/thumbnail.jp

Comparative Profiling of Volatile Compounds in Popular South Indian Traditional and Modern Rice Varieties by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major cereal crops cultivated across the world, particularly in Southeast Asia with 95% of global production. The present study was aimed to evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC) and to profile all the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of eight popular traditional and two modern rice varieties cultivated in South India. Thirty-one VOCs were estimated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The identified volatile compounds in the 10 rice varieties belong to the chemical classes of fatty acids, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, phenols, esters, amides, and others. Interestingly, most of the identified predominant components were not identical, which indicate the latent variation among the rice varieties. Significant variations exist for fatty acids (46.9–76.2%), total terpenes (12.6–30.7%), total phenols (0.9–10.0%), total aliphatic alcohols (0.8–5.9%), total alkanes (0.5–5.1%), and total alkenes (1.0–4.9%) among the rice varieties. Of all the fatty acid compounds, palmitic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid predominantly varied in the range of 11.1–33.7, 6.1–31.1, 6.0–28.0, and 0.7–15.1%, respectively. The modern varieties recorded the highest palmitic acid contents (28.7–33.7%) than the traditional varieties (11.1–20.6%). However, all the traditional varieties had higher linoleic acid (10.0–28.0%) than the modern varieties (6.0–8.5%). Traditional varieties had key phenolic compounds, stearic acid, butyric acid, and glycidyl oleate, which are absent in the modern varieties. The traditional varieties Seeraga samba and Kichilli samba had the highest azulene and oleic acid, respectively. All these indicate the higher variability for nutrients and aroma in traditional varieties. These varieties can be used as potential parents to improve the largely cultivated high-yielding varieties for the evolving nutritionalmarket. The hierarchical cluster analysis showed three different clusters implying the distinctness of the traditional and modern varieties. This study provided a comprehensive volatile profile of traditional and modern rice as a staple food for energy as well as for aroma with nutrition