Effect of Different Processing Techniques on Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Composition of Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. Dc.) Seed

The high cost of plant protein inclusion in human and animal diets and the need to find alternative sources to traditional protein sources is on the increase. Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), a tropical underutilized legume was therefore analysed for its nutritional and anti-nutritional contents using different processing techniques. Two kilograms (2kg) of winged bean seeds were purchased, and samples were divided into different parts and subjected to two different processing techniques; baking at 250oC and boiling at 100oC for 20 minutes. An unprocessed portion was also separated as control. Samples from each processing technique and control were subjected to analysis for nutritional and anti-nutritional factors using standard laboratory methods. The crude protein content of winged beans from baking, boiling and control was 17.93%, 19.59 and 12.55% respectively. Crude fat was 11.25%, 9.25% and 10.40% in that order. The highest anti-nutritional factor of 2788.45 mg/100g and 3254.57 mg/100g was recorded for processed and unprocessed tannin composition also. Oxalate values reduced by 22% and 19.74%, while, phytate content reduced by 20% and 18.12% for the processed boiled and baked after baking and boiling respectively. Nutritive and anti-nutritive compositions of the processed and unprocessed winged beans were significantly different at p>0.05.  Processing is therefore a viable means of increasing the nutritive value and in turn reducing the anti-nutritive values of winged beans

Unsafe "crossover-use" of chloramphenicol in Uganda: importance of a One Health approach in antimicrobial resistance policy and regulatory action.

Since the introduction of antibiotics into mainstream health care, resistance to these drugs has become a widespread issue that continues to increase worldwide. Policy decisions to mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance are hampered by the current lack of surveillance data on antibiotic product availability and use in low-income countries. This study collected data on the antibiotics stocked in human (42) and veterinary (21) drug shops in five sub-counties in Luwero district of Uganda. Focus group discussions with drug shop vendors were also employed to explore antibiotic use practices in the community. Focus group participants reported that farmers used human-intended antibiotics for their livestock, and community members obtain animal-intended antibiotics for their own personal human use. Specifically, chloramphenicol products licensed for human use were being administered to Ugandan poultry. Human consumption of chloramphenicol residues through local animal products represents a serious public health concern. By limiting the health sector scope of antimicrobial resistance research to either human or animal antibiotic use, results can falsely inform policy and intervention strategies. Therefore, a One Health approach is required to understand the wider impact of community antibiotic use and improve overall effectiveness of intervention policy and regulatory action

The Antiviral Drug Valacyclovir Successfully Suppresses Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (SGHV) in Laboratory Colonies of Glossina pallidipes

Many species of tsetse flies are infected with a virus that causes salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) symptoms associated with a reduced fecundity and fertility. A high prevalence of SGH has been correlated with the collapse of two laboratory colonies of Glossina pallidipes and colony maintenance problems in a mass rearing facility in Ethiopia. Mass-production of G. pallidipes is crucial for programs of tsetse control including the sterile insect technique (SIT), and therefore requires a management strategy for this virus. Based on the homology of DNA polymerase between salivary gland hypertrophy virus and herpes viruses at the amino acid level, two antiviral drugs, valacyclovir and acyclovir, classically used against herpes viruses were selected and tested for their toxicity on tsetse flies and their impact on virus replication. While long term per os administration of acyclovir resulted in a significant reduction of productivity of the colonies, no negative effect was observed in colonies fed with valacyclovir-treated blood. Furthermore, treatment of a tsetse colony with valacyclovir for 83 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of viral loads and consequently suppression of SGH symptoms. The combination of initial selection of SGHV-negative flies by non-destructive PCR, a clean feeding system, and valacyclovir treatment resulted in a colony that was free of SGH syndromes in 33 weeks. This is the first report of the use of a drug to control a viral infection in an insect and of the demonstration that valacyclovir can be used to suppress SGH in colonies of G. pallidipes

Data on the characteristics and modelling of precipitation intensity duration and frequency in southern Nigerian cities

The data characterized precipitation of six capital cities in Nigeria (which experience very high rainfall amounts annually), since the regular monitoring and modelling of precipitation characteristics is scarce in these areas. The precipitation data for each city was analyzed statistically, having extracted the maximum data for each year. Rainfall daily maxima for each city and year were obtained. Minimum, mean and median rainfall were also obtained. The number of days in each year and the total annual sum were as well featured.Furthermore, different durations were obtained for the maximum rainfall data after arranging the maximum precipitation in descending order. The Gumbel probability position method was to obtain the frequency of each maximum precipitation in each city. Rainfall Intensity, Duration and Frequency curves and models were thereafter developed from the data as presented. Performances and goodness of fit tests were used to evaluate the developed models. Precipitation duration curves were also developed for each city studied and these are as well included in the dataset. Results of analysis performed from the r-studio translated in tables as well as the r-codes used all included in this repository.THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV

Use of sulfonamides in layers in Kampala district, Uganda and sulfonamide residues in commercial eggs

BACKGROUND: Use of antimicrobials like sulfonamides in production of layers is a public health risk since it inevitably results in sulfonamide residues in eggs. The presence of the residues may be influenced by knowledge, attitudes and practices of farmers regarding use of sulfonamides (and other antimicrobials) in poultry. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed at assessing the possible contribution of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of poultry farmers to the presence/levels of sulfonamide residues in hen eggs. METHODS: A descriptive cross sectional study was done in the 5 political divisions (and surroundings) of Kampala district. Sixty farmers were systematically sampled from a list of poultry farmers in Kampala and a semi-structured questionnaire administered. Each farmer provided sixty eggs for analysis of sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine residues. Whole eggs were homogenized in acetonitrile and centrifuged twice, extracts evaporated and residues dissolved in mobile phase (32:68, methanol: potassium dihydrogen phosphate). Fats were removed using hexane while anhydrous sodium chloride was added to break emulsions. Extracts were analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of the farmers never observed withdrawal periods although 80% of them knew the importance of withdrawal periods. However, farmers noted that they play a great role in ensuring a safe food supply. Most farmers attributed the non-observance of withdrawal periods to poverty and fear to lose their investments. Ninety-eight percent of the samples had detectable levels of the sulfonamides. Meanwhile, 98.3% of the samples that had detectable sulfonamide residues came from farmers who applied antimicrobials in feeds/ water. CONCLUSION: Consumers of hen eggs in Kampala district are at high risk of sulfonamide residue exposure due to poor farming/regulatory practices

Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of tropane alkaloids and glycoalkaloids in crops

International audienceA new, rapid and sensitive multiresidue method is reported for the simultaneous determination of tropane alkaloids (tropine, atropine, scopolamine, homatropine, anisodamine) and glycoalkaloids (α-solanine, α-chaconine) in grains and seeds (wheat, rye, maize, soybean, linseed). Dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) was performed with 0.5% formic acid in acetonitrile/water and a mixture of magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride and sodium citrate. For a fast and effective clean-up procedure for oily matrices such as soybean and linseed, matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) C18 material was used to remove co-extracted non-polar components. No clean-up was necessary for less oily matrices following extraction. The analytes were separated by isocratic HPLC on a Chirobiotic V column and detected using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI). All analytes were monitored in the positive ion mode. The method performance is presented in terms of linearity in the range 5-80 ng/g (r2=0.998), specifity, selectivity, accuracy (recoveries from 61-111%), precision (CV < 5%) and ruggedness. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were in the range 2.2-4.9 ng/g

Multi-class/residue method for determination of veterinary drug residues, mycotoxins and pesticide in urine using LC-MS/MS technique

Abstract Background Veterinary drugs are widely used in animals to prevent diseases and are a complex set of drugs with very different chemical properties. Multiclass and multi-residue methods for simultaneous detection of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in urine are very rare or non-existent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive and reliable quantitative LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of a wide range of veterinary drug and pesticide residues and mycotoxins in bovine urine. This involved 42 veterinary drug residues (4 thyreostats, 6 anabolic hormones, 2 lactones, 10 beta agonists, 15 antibiotics, 5 sulphonamides), 28 pesticides and 2 mycotoxins. Stable isotopically labelled internal standards were used to facilitate effective quantification of the analytes. Analysis was performed in both positive and negative ionization modes with multiple reaction monitoring transitions over a period of 12 min. Results The parameters validated included linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), detection capability (CCβ), decision limit (CCα), stability, accuracy and precision. The process followed guidelines of the regulation 2021/808/EC. The calibration curves were linear with coefficient of correlation (R2) from 0.991 to 0.999. The LODs were from 0.01 to 2.71 µg/L, while the LOQs were from 0.05 to 7.52 µg/L. The CCα and CCβ were in range 0.05–12.11 µg/L and 0.08–15.16 µg/L. In addition, the average recoveries of the spiked urine samples were from 71.0 to 117.0% and coefficient of variation (CV) < 21.38% (intraday and interday). Conclusion A new isotopic LC-MS/MS method has been developed, validated and applied for identification and quantification of 72 residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides and other contaminants such as mycotoxins in bovine urine. The most appropriated sample preparation procedures involved sodium acetate buffer, enzymatic hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase and cleanup solid phase extraction with OASIS SPE cartridges. The parameters were satisfactorily validated fulfilling requirements under Regulation 2021/808/EC. Consequently, the method could be used in routine analysis of bovine urine samples for simultaneous detection of veterinary drug and pesticide residues as well as contaminants such as mycotoxins