Verification of the Numerical Model of Optimized Bus Body Structure According to UN Regulation No. 66

Bus rollover is one of the most analyzed cases of accidents, having in mind the number of potential large number of injuries and fatalities. Therefore, this type of traffic accident became the object of numerous national and international standards and regulations. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibilities of experimental verification of presented simplified model of the bus body section. For that purpose, completely new multifunctional test bench was presented. The methodology applied for the experimental part was explained. The results provided by the numerical simulation and by the experiment were presented, and appropriate analyses were performed. The key parameters needed for the experimental verification were specified. According to the result analysis, a comparative results review was presented, confirming that the experimental verification of the numerical model was fully acceptable. Also, all of the requirements prescribed by the applied methodology for the achieved results acceptance were fulfilled, providing that numerical simulation, with constant improvements, could be a powerful tool for quick and reliable bus structure analysis in design process

Influence of Microlensing on Spectral Anomaly of Lensed Objects

Here we consider the influence of the microlensing on the spectrum of a lensed object taking into account that composite emission is coming from different regions arranged subsequently around the central source. We assumed that the lensed object has three regions with the black body emission; first the innermost with the highest temperature of $10^4K$, second and third (located around the central) with slightly lower temperatures $7.5\cdot10^3$ and $5\cdot10^3$K, respectively. Than we explore the flux anomaly in lensed object due to microlensing. We compare U,V and B spectra of a such source. This results show that, due to microlensing, in a spectroscopically stratified object a flux anomaly is present.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, 1 tabl

Uticaj folijarne primjene makro i mikro elemenata na agrobiološke karakteristike sorte Muskat Italija na Ćemovskom Polju

The experiment was conducted at “13. JUL – Plantaže” in Ćemovsko polje, nearby Podgorica, during the one-year period (2015), on seven years old plantation on the variety of Muscat Italy, which is grafted on rootstock Paulsen 1103. The following liquid fertilizers were used: NPK 12-5-7 + ME + Bor 8%; NPK 12-5-7 + ME; NPK 9-0-6 + 10% CaO + 2% MgO i NPK 31-0-0 + ME; NPK 3-20-28 + 3% EDTA. Liquid fertilizer which showed the earliest start of tearing, activating buds, blossoming and veraison is NPK 12-5-7 + ME.Ogled je izveden u “13. JUL - Plantaže” a.d. na Ćemovskom polju u okolini Podgorice, u toku jedne godine (2015.), na zasadu starom sedam godina, na sorti Muskat Italija, koja je kalemljena na podlozi Paulsen 1103. Korišćeni su sljedeća tečna đubriva i to: NPK 12-5-7 + ME + Bor 8%; NPK 12-5-7 + ME; NPK 9-0-6 + 10% CaO + 2% MgO i NPK 31-0-0 + ME; NPK 3-20-28 + 3% EDTA. Tečno đubrivo koje je pokazalo najraniji početak suzenja, aktiviranja okaca, cvetanja i šarka je NPK 12-5-7 + ME

Ekonomski aspekti primene mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini

Problems that occur when processing the soil with heavy mechanical type of composition can not be solved without changing the existing cultivation system. Soils with heavy mechanical type of composition demand a cultivation system that ensures preservation of natural potential and fertility resources. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this research is to examine the economic consequences of applying new types of machines and tools for the arrangement of soil’s surface and depth, then to detect the most important factors influencing this and finally to contribute successfully to the formulation of the answers on questions is their use profitable and under what conditions. The results of this study suggest that is possible to expect the positive effects of applying new technologies and new machines and tools for the arrangement of soil’s surface and depth.Problemi koji se javljaju pri obradi zemljišta sa teškim mehaničkim sastavom ne mogu se rešiti bez promene postojeće tehnologije obrade zemljišta. To podrazumeva primenu novih tehnologija obrade i novih mašina i oruđa, koji treba da obezbede optimalnu potrošnju pogonske energije, rada i ostalih resursa, a da se pri tome obezbedi maksimalno iskorišćavanje prirodnog potencijala plodnosti zemljišta i rodnosti biljaka. Zbog toga sve više raste značaj istraživanja problema vezanih za ovu oblast, pri čemu se nikako ne sme zapostaviti ekonomski aspekt. Imajući to u vidu cilj ovog rada je da se sa ekonomskog aspekta sagledaju efekti i posledice primene novih tehnologija i novih mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini kao i da se utvrde najvažniji faktori od kojih zavisi isplativost njihove primene uz nastojanje da se na taj način doprinese što uspešnijem formulisanju odgovora na pitanje da li je i pod kojim uslovima njihova primena opravdana. Na osnovu dosadašnjih rezultata istraživanja moguće je očekivati pozitivne efekte primene analiziranih mašina i oruđa što je od presudne važnosti prilikom donošenja odluke o opravdanosti njihovog uvođenja

Ekonomski efekti primene mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini u proizvodnji pšenice

In In market conditions of business operations the main criterion of successful agricultural production is achieved economic results. However, the question of preservation and rational use of natural resources, especially soil, is increasingly raised. The need of preservation and rational use of natural resources, such as soil, requires the elimination of the usual practice of production and application of new technologies as well as new types of machines and tools. Nonetheless, new cultivation technologies and new machines and tools will be widely adopted and successfully applied in practice if the necessary verification of positive technical, technological and economic effects obtained through appropriate scientific researches is provided. Bearing this in mind, the aim of this paper is to examine the economic effects of prolonged effect of new technology and new types of machines and tools for the arrangement of soil’s surface and depth in wheat production. In this sense, it is determined that a change in cultivation technology and application of new machines and tools in the first year of conducting the experiment has a positive prolonged effect in the second year of conducting the experiment as well, which is reflected in a reduction of variable costs per kilogram of produced wheat by 23.57%. The conducted research and results obtained in this analysis represent a continuation of research of economic effects of the application of new machines and tools for the arrangement of soil’s surface and depth in individual crop production (a previous study included corn and sunflower). The obtained results indicate the need to expand research to other important crops.U tržišnim uslovima poslovanja osnovno merilo uspešnosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje su ostvareni ekonomski rezultati. Međutim, sve glasnije se postavlja pitanje očuvanja i racionalnog korišćenja prirodnih resursa, posebno zemljišta. Potreba očuvanja i racionalnog korišćenja neobnovljivih prirodnih resursa, kao što je zemljište, zahteva eliminisanje uobičajene prakse proizvodnje i primenu novih tehnologija obrade i novih mašina i oruđa. Ipak, da bi nove tehnologije obrade i nove mašine i oruđa bili masovno prihvaćeni i uspešno primenjeni u praksi, potrebna je potvrda ispoljavanja pozitivnih tehničko-tehnoloških i ekonomskih efekata dobijena kroz odgovarajuća naučna istraživanja. Imajući to u vidu, cilj ovog rada je da se sagledaju ekonomski efekti produženog dejstva primene nove tehnologije obrade i novih mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini u proizvodnji pšenice. U tom smislu utvrđeno je da promena tehnologije obrade i primena novih mašina i oruđa u prvoj godini izvođenja ogleda ima pozitivno produženo dejstvo u drugoj godini izvođenja ogleda, koje se ogleda u smanjenju varijabilnih troškova po kg proizvedene pšenice za 23,57%. Obavljeno istraživanje i rezultati dobijeni u ovoj analizi predstavljaju nastavak istraživanja ekonomskih efekata primene mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini u proizvodnji pojedinih kultura kojima su do sada obuhvaćeni kukuruz i suncokret. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu proširenja istraživanja i na druge značajne poljoprivredne kulture

Uticaj promene cene goriva na optimizaciju ukupnih troškova upotrebe poljoprivredne mehanizacije za obradu zemljišta

Serbian agricultural producers are facing currently with a large number of challenges that significantly influence their business activities. One of them is for sure a high fuel price. The recent fuel price increase has caused a lot of concern among agricultural producers regarding its impact on operating costs and farm profitability. However, those higher costs will probably reflect themselves onto direct reduction in profit in the short run because the producers' possibilities are limited as to the changes they can economically make. While no one knows with certainty what will happen in the future, the current developments on the world market as well as the analysts’ estimates indicate that we are likely to see continued high diesel fuel prices. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this research is to emphasize an importance of the fuel price change for optimization of total operating costs of the tillage agricultural machinery, then to detect the most important factors influencing this change and finally to contribute successfully to the formulation of the answers on mentioned questions. The results of this study suggest that for an increase of the agricultural machinery utilization efficiency as well as for minimization of their operating costs, it is necessary to start making more adequate management decisions. This is certainly one of the safe ways for alleviation of the consequences caused by the high fuel price mostly influenced by the world fuel market trends.Poljoprivredni proizvođači u Srbiji suočavaju se sa velikim brojem izazova koji značajno utiču na njihovo poslovanje. Jedan od njih je svakako visoka cena goriva. Skorašnje povećanje cene goriva nateralo je mnoge od njih da se zapitaju kakav će to uticaj imati na troškove proizvodnje tj. kako će se odraziti na profitabilnost poslovanja gazdinstva. Ono što je izvesno je da će u kratkom roku, ovako visoka cena dovesti do smanjenja profita, zato što su mogućnosti vlasnika da u kratkom roku učine ekonomska prilagođavanja prilično limitirane. I dok niko sa sigurnošću ne može da pretpostavi šta će se dešavati u budućnosti, trenutna kretanja na svetskom tržištu i procene analitičara govore da i dalje treba očekivati održavanje cene na visokom nivou. Imajući to u vidu, cilj ovog istraživanja je da se ukaže na značaj promene cene goriva za optimizaciju ukupnih troškova upotrebe poljoprivredne mehanizacije za obradu zemljišta, da se otkriju najvažniji faktori koji na to utiču i da se sagleda njihov uticaj, uz nastojanje da se na taj način doprinese uspešnijem formulisanju odgovora na napred postavljena pitanja. Na osnovu dosadašnjih rezultata istraživanja može se konstatovati da je za povećanje efikasnosti korišćenja poljoprivredne mehanizacije i minimiziranje troškova njihove upotrebe, od presudnog značaja celishodno i blagovremeno sprovođenje adekvatnih mera iz oblasti menadžmenta. To je svakako jedan od sigurnih načina za ublažavanje posledica izazvanih visokom cenom goriva na čije formiranje prevashodni uticaj imaju kretanja na svetskom tržištu derivata

Design and development of a reduced form-factor high accuracy three-axis teslameter

Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Reuben Debono for his useful guidance and help in the PCB assembly of the instruments at the Electronic Systems Lab at the Faculty of Engineering at University of Malta. The authors would like to thank R. Ganter, project leader of the Athos undulator beamline and H-H. Braun, SwissFEL machine director, for their constant support throughout the entire project. The authors would like to thank Sasa Spasic and his team at Sentronis facilities for their fruitful discussions and their guidance during testing.A novel three-axis teslameter and other similar machines have been designed and developed for SwissFEL at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). The developed instrument will be used for high fidelity characterisation and optimisation of the undulators for the ATHOS soft X-ray beamline. The teslameter incorporates analogue signal conditioning for the three-axes interface to a SENIS Hall probe, an interface to a Heidenhain linear absolute encoder and an on-board high-resolution 24-bit analogue-to-digital conversion. This is in contrast to the old instrumentation setup used, which only comprises the analogue circuitry with digitization being done externally to the instrument. The new instrument fits in a volumetric space of 150 mm × 50 mm × 45 mm, being very compact in size and also compatible with the in-vacuum undulators. This paper describes the design and the development of the different components of the teslameter. Performance results are presented that demonstrate offset fluctuation and drift (0.1–10 Hz) with a standard deviation of 0.78 µT and a broadband noise (10–500 Hz) of 2.05 µT with an acquisition frequency of 2 kHz.peer-reviewe

Performance analysis of a reduced form-factor high accuracy three-axis teslameter

In the framework of the SwissFEL project at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), a Hall probe bench is being developed for the high-precision magnetic characterization of the insertion devices for the ATHOS soft X-ray beamline. For this purpose, a novel three-axis teslameter has been developed, which will be placed between the undulator and its outer shell in a very limited volumetric space of 150 × 50 × 45 mm. Together with a SENIS® 3-axis Hall probe at the center of the cross sectional area of the undulator, the setup will traverse along the undulator length on a specifically designed rig with minimal vibrations. This teslameter has all the analog signal conditioning circuitry for the Hall probe and also has on board 24-bit digitization. The instrument also handles an interface to a linear absolute encoder. The old instrumentation used only had analog signal conditioning circuitry whilst digitization was done off board. The new instrument also provides a very accurate magnetic field map in the µT range with simultaneous readings from the position encoder at an accuracy of ±3 µm. In this paper, a series of tests are described, which were performed at PSI in order to establish the measuring precision and repeatability of the instrument.peer-reviewe