Classification of lung sounds using convolutional neural networks

Abstract In the field of medicine, with the introduction of computer systems that can collect and analyze massive amounts of data, many non-invasive diagnostic methods are being developed for a variety of conditions. In this study, our aim is to develop a non-invasive method of classifying respiratory sounds that are recorded by an electronic stethoscope and the audio recording software that uses various machine learning algorithms. In order to store respiratory sounds on a computer, we developed a cost-effective and easy-to-use electronic stethoscope that can be used with any device. Using this device, we recorded 17,930 lung sounds from 1630 subjects. We employed two types of machine learning algorithms; mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) features in a support vector machine (SVM) and spectrogram images in the convolutional neural network (CNN). Since using MFCC features with a SVM algorithm is a generally accepted classification method for audio, we utilized its results to benchmark the CNN algorithm. We prepared four data sets for each CNN and SVM algorithm to classify respiratory audio: (1) healthy versus pathological classification; (2) rale, rhonchus, and normal sound classification; (3) singular respiratory sound type classification; and (4) audio type classification with all sound types. Accuracy results of the experiments were; (1) CNN 86%, SVM 86%, (2) CNN 76%, SVM 75%, (3) CNN 80%, SVM 80%, and (4) CNN 62%, SVM 62%, respectively. As a result, we found out that spectrogram image classification with CNN algorithm works as well as the SVM algorithm, and given the large amount of data, CNN and SVM machine learning algorithms can accurately classify and pre-diagnose respiratory audio

Turkish Thoracic Society Experts Consensus Report: Recommendations for Pulmonary Function Tests During and After COVID 19 Pandemic

The recommendation of conducting pulmonary function tests (PFTs) from different societies during and after the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was rated by the experts of the Turkish Thoracic Society (TTS) and presented as the TTS experts consensus report. Information about the topic has been provided

Turkish Thoracic Society Consensus Report: Interpretation of Spirometry

Currently, the criteria for applying and evaluating spirometer measurements have been defined by American and European Respiratory Societies. Several pulmonary function test laboratories in Turkey as well as in the world use these standards. However, different interpretation results are observed in different pulmonary function test laboratories. This report is prepared to provide a basis for a standardized asssessment in our pulmonary function test in our country

Exercise capacity in sarcoidosis. Study of 29 patients

WOS: 000230200400002PubMed: 15899162BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Aims of this prospective study are to evaluate degree of impairment in pulmonary function tests (PFT), arterial blood gas analysis (ABG), respiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity and correlation of these parameters with radiological stages; to further evaluate the use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in assessment of extent of pulmonary disease; and to discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms of limitation in exercise capacity in patients with sarcoidosis. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 29 patients with sarcoidosis were grouped according to their radiological stages (stage I: group 1; stage II, group 2; stage III, group 3). Group 1, 2 and 3 included 11, 13 and 5 patients, respectively. PFT, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and ABG were performed for each patient. RESULTS: Evaluation of all patients showed a significant decrement in exercise capacity. Patients in stage III had decreased diffusing capacity and exercise capacity. There was limitation in exercise capacity in stage I patients who had completely normal spirometry and diffusing capacity. We also found a correlation between radiological stages of the disease and exercise capacity, diffusing capacity and ABG. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise capacity is impaired also in early stages of sarcoidosis and it was found to be the earliest impaired physiological parameter in sarcoid patients. Exercise intolerance, having mutifactorial basis, is correlated with radiological stages. Circulatory impairment and impaired heart rate response to exercise have effects on limitation in exercise capacity. Especially in advanced radiological stages of disease, ventilatory and gas exchange impairment also seems to be effective on limiting exercise in patients with sarcoidosis

Turkish Thoracic Society national spirometry and laboratory standards

The application quality of pulmonary function tests (PFT) carries high importance since it affects the quality of health services. "Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors in Turkey Study," which was published in 2013 showed that only 22.6% of PFTs performed in the secondary care institutions in our country were compatible with the standards. This finding reveals the standardization problem in spirometry applications in our country. Currently, the criteria for the application and evaluation of spirometer measurements were defined by American and European Respiratory Societies standards. Several laboratories use these standards in our country as in the world. But, national laboratory standards that are suitable for the conditions in our country have not been defined yet. This report was prepared to ensure the application of spirometry in optimal conditions, to minimize intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory differences and mistakes, and to standardize in our country. In this report, we focused on the standards concerning laboratory conditions, equipment, and technician specifications, test application, evaluation of test quality, infection control, and reference values

Astım-KOAH overlap sendromu

Asthma-COPD overlap syndromeAsthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common lung diseases characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway obstruction. Among patient with COPD and asthma; there is a group of patients with an overlap between clinical, functional characteristics and airway inflammation patterns, named ;quot;Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome;quot; (ACOS). ACOS is a syndrome characterized by reversible but persistant airflow limitation (postbronchodilator FEV/FVC ;lt; 70%) which has some features of both asthma and COPD. ACOS should be suspected in a patient ;gt; 40 years, with smoking history, previous asthma diagnosis or history of childhood asthma who has persistant airflow limitation and reversible ariway obstruction (defined by an increase of ;gt; %12 of FEV pred or increase of FEV ;gt; 200 mL after inhalation of 400 mcg salbutamol or 1000 mcg terbutaline). The prevalence for ACOS has been reported 11-55% in different case series to date and increases by age and is more frequent in females in different age groups. Patients with ACOS are younger than COPD patients and older than asthma patients. Frequent and severe exacerbations and related hospitalization and emergency room visits are common in ACOS and this causes an impaired quality of life. Current recommendations of guidelines for pharmacologic treatment of ACOS have been composed of a combination with optimal COPD and asthma treatment. Future therapeutic approaches should be based on endotypes. Clinical phenotype and underlying endotype driven clinical studies may be the base of ACOS guidelines.Astım-KOAH overlap sendromuAstım ve kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH), kronik hava yolu inflamasyonu ve hava yolu obstrüksiyonu ile karakterize olan ve toplumda sık görülen akciğer hastalıklarıdır. KOAH ve astımlı olgular arasında her iki hastalık için hava yolu inflamasyonunun ve dolayısıyla klinik, fonksiyonel özelliklerin örtüştüğü "Astım-KOAH Overlap Sendromu" (AKOS) olarak tanımlanan hastalar bulunmaktadır. AKOS; persistan hava akımı kısıtlaması (postbronkodilatör FEV/FVC %70) ve reverzibilite ile karakterize, hem astım hem KOAH'ın bazı özelliklerini taşıyan bir sendromdur. Kırk yaş üzeri, sigara içmiş ve çocukluğunda astım öyküsü veya doktor tanılı astımı olan ve persistan hava akımı kısıtlaması ile birlikte reverzibl hava yolu obstüksiyonu (400 mcg salbutamol veya 1000 mcg terbutalin inhalasyonu sonrasında FEV'de bazal değere göre > %12 ve > 200 mL artış) olan hastada AKOS düşünülmelidir. AKOS prevalansı farklı hasta serilerinde %11-55 oranlarında bildirilmektedir. Yaşla birlikte AKOS oranı artmakta ve her yaş diliminde kadınlarda daha sık görülmektedir. AKOS'lu hastaların; KOAH'a göre genç ama astıma göre daha ileri yaşta hastalar olduğu ve daha semptomatik oldukları gösterilmiştir. Sık ve ağır atak geçirme, bu nedenle hastaneye yatış veya acile başvuru AKOS'ta sıktır ve bu durum hastaların yaşam kalitelerini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Rehberlerde AKOS'un farmakolojik tedavisi astım ve KOAH için var olan en uygun tedavi seçeneklerinin kombinasyonundan oluşmaktadır. Gelecekte ortaya çıkacak tedaviler endotipe dayalı olmalıdır. Klinik fenotip ve altta yatan endotipe yönelik yapılacak klinik çalışmalar gelecekte yazılacak AKOS rehberlerinin temelini oluşturacaktır

Treatment of Severe Asthma: Expert Opinion

Severe asthmatics account 10% of the all asthmatic population. Those asthmatics whose disease is inadequately controlled account for up to half of the cost for asthma, because they have more emergency room visits, more hospital admission and greater absenteeism from work. New therapeutic options were tried in those patients whose asthma was uncontrolled with standart high dose inhaled corticosteroid and long acting beta-2 agonsit combination therapy. In this paper taking into account the conditions of our country, current literature was reviewed and treatment options was discussed and graded recommendations are made for daily clinical practice in patients with severe treatment-refractory asthma

Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome

Astım-KOAH overlap sendromuAstım ve kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH), kronik hava yolu inflamasyonu ve hava yolu obstrüksiyonu ile karakterize olan ve toplumda sık görülen akciğer hastalıklarıdır. KOAH ve astımlı olgular arasında her iki hastalık için hava yolu inflamasyonunun ve dolayısıyla klinik, fonksiyonel özelliklerin örtüştüğü "Astım-KOAH Overlap Sendromu" (AKOS) olarak tanımlanan hastalar bulunmaktadır. AKOS; persistan hava akımı kısıtlaması (postbronkodilatör FEV/FVC %12 ve > 200 mL artış) olan hastada AKOS düşünülmelidir. AKOS prevalansı farklı hasta serilerinde %11-55 oranlarında bildirilmektedir. Yaşla birlikte AKOS oranı artmakta ve her yaş diliminde kadınlarda daha sık görülmektedir. AKOS'lu hastaların; KOAH'a göre genç ama astıma göre daha ileri yaşta hastalar olduğu ve daha semptomatik oldukları gösterilmiştir. Sık ve ağır atak geçirme, bu nedenle hastaneye yatış veya acile başvuru AKOS'ta sıktır ve bu durum hastaların yaşam kalitelerini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Rehberlerde AKOS'un farmakolojik tedavisi astım ve KOAH için var olan en uygun tedavi seçeneklerinin kombinasyonundan oluşmaktadır. Gelecekte ortaya çıkacak tedaviler endotipe dayalı olmalıdır. Klinik fenotip ve altta yatan endotipe yönelik yapılacak klinik çalışmalar gelecekte yazılacak AKOS rehberlerinin temelini oluşturacaktır.Asthma-COPD overlap syndromeAsthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common lung diseases characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway obstruction. Among patient with COPD and asthma; there is a group of patients with an overlap between clinical, functional characteristics and airway inflammation patterns, named "Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome" (ACOS). ACOS is a syndrome characterized by reversible but persistant airflow limitation (postbronchodilator FEV/FVC < 70%) which has some features of both asthma and COPD. ACOS should be suspected in a patient > 40 years, with smoking history, previous asthma diagnosis or history of childhood asthma who has persistant airflow limitation and reversible ariway obstruction (defined by an increase of > %12 of FEV pred or increase of FEV > 200 mL after inhalation of 400 mcg salbutamol or 1000 mcg terbutaline). The prevalence for ACOS has been reported 11-55% in different case series to date and increases by age and is more frequent in females in different age groups. Patients with ACOS are younger than COPD patients and older than asthma patients. Frequent and severe exacerbations and related hospitalization and emergency room visits are common in ACOS and this causes an impaired quality of life. Current recommendations of guidelines for pharmacologic treatment of ACOS have been composed of a combination with optimal COPD and asthma treatment. Future therapeutic approaches should be based on endotypes. Clinical phenotype and underlying endotype driven clinical studies may be the base of ACOS guidelines

Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome

WOS: 000421352700007PubMed ID: 26963310Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common lung diseases characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway obstruction. Among patient with COPD and asthma; there is a group of patients with an overlap between clinical, functional characteristics and airway inflammation patterns, named "Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome" (ACOS). ACOS is a syndrome characterized by reversible but persistant airflow limitation (postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC 40 years, with smoking history, previous asthma diagnosis or history of childhood asthma who has persistant airflow limitation and reversible ariway obstruction (defined by an increase of > % 12 of FEV1 pred or increase of FEV1 > 200 mL after inhalation of 400 mcg salbutamol or 1000 mcg terbutaline). The prevalence for ACOS has been reported 11-55% in different case series to date and increases by age and is more frequent in females in different age groups. Patients with ACOS are younger than COPD patients and older than asthma patients. Frequent and severe exacerbations and related hospitalization and emergency room visits are common in ACOS and this causes an impaired quality of life. Current recommendations of guidelines for pharmacologic treatment of ACOS have been composed of a combination with optimal COPD and asthma treatment. Future therapeutic approaches should be based on endotypes. Clinical phenotype and underlying endotype driven clinical studies may be the base of ACOS guidelines