Reversal of phenobarbital-induced hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the livers of lpr mice

Fas is a cell surface receptor that mediates apoptosis, and Fas mRNA has been demonstrated in hepatocytes. MRL/MP - lpr/lpr mice carry the mutated lymphoproliferation-associated gene, lpr, that codes for truncated Fas protein, resulting in reduced apoptotic potential in some circumstances. Phenobarbital treatment of experimental animals induces cytochrome P450 enzymes, and thus acts as a growth stimulus to the liver with both hyperplasia and hypertrophy; cessation results in reversion of liver to normal size with apoptosis playing a role. This study has determined the respective contributions of atrophy and apoptosis to this involution in Fas-defective and normal-Fas bearing animals. Between the first day and the fifth day after phenobarbital cessation, the weights of both Fas-defective (lpr/lpr ) livers and control (lpr /+) livers reduced. Hepatocyte hypertrophy gradually reverted in both categories of mouse and this was the greater contribution to reduction in liver size. In lpr/lpr animals, there was a consistent level of apoptosis which remained relatively constant, while numbers of apoptotic cells in control livers increased over the period. This investigation has shown that in liver, a mechanism to execute apoptosis is operative even in Fas-defective mice, but it is not sensitive to signals activated by the removal of the growth stimulus. This is in contrast to mice which can mount a Fas-mediated response; thus a separate apoptotic pathway is indicated

Gender determines the pattern of correlation between body mass index and major depressive disorder among children and adolescents: Results from iranian children and adolescents' psychiatric disorders study

Background: We aimed to determine the correlation of BMI with depression and to determine the role of gender in this association, in a large study sample. Methods: We used the data of participants in the Iranian Children and Adolescents' Psychiatric Disorders (IRCAP) Study, conducted in 2017. This study was a national community-based, cross-sectional study in which the urban and rural areas of all provinces of Iran were covered. Overall 30,532 children and adolescents, ages 6-18, were randomly selected with the stratified cluster sampling method. Results: Of a total of 30,532 participants, 25,321, whose BMI had been measured and who had been interviewed with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS), entered the study (12,455 boys and 12,866 girls). We categorized the participants according to the national cutoff points for BMI classification. After controlling for age, father's and mother's job and education, and place of residence, the odds ratio (OR) of depression in underweight, healthy weight, and overweight boys compared with obese boys was 2.19 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.00-4.81], 1.06 (95% CI: 0.73-1.55), and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.49-1.32), respectively. In the girls' subgroup, after controlling for the aforementioned covariates, the OR of depression in healthy weight, overweight, and obese participants compared with underweight subjects was 1.29 (95% CI: 0.52-3.19), 1.54 (95% CI: 0.59-3.98), and 1.79 (95% CI: 0.68-4.69), respectively. Conclusions: Underweight boys were more likely diagnosed with depression than normal weight and overweight boys. While in girls, the probability of depression increased by increased BMI

The prevalence, comorbidity and socio-demographic factors of depressive disorder among Iranian children and adolescents: To identify the main predictors of depression

Background: Depressive disorders are a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. Recently, several risk factors have been described for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to identify the main risk factors that can affect the incidence of depression in Iranian children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 30,546 children and adolescents (between 6 and 18 years of age) participated in a cross-sectional study to identify the predictors of depressive disorders. Depressive disorders were assessed using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL). In addition, a demographic characteristics questionnaire was completed by parents of the participants. The data was analyzed using the SPSS22 software via performing the descriptive analysis and the multiple logistic regression analysis methods. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Results showed that a higher age (15�18), being female, and the father's unemployment were associated with an increased odds ratio for depressive disorders. The age of 10�14 (OR = 2.1; 95 CI, 1.57�2.81), the age of 15�18 (OR = 4.44; 95 CI, 3.38�5.83), female gender (OR = 1.44; 95 CI, 1.2�1.73) and the father's unemployment (OR = 1.59; 95 CI, 1.01�2.5) were significant positive predictors, whereas, the mother's job (as a housewife) (OR = 0.66; 95 CI, 0.45�0.96) and a history of psychiatric hospitalization of the father and mother (OR = 0.34; 95 CI, 0.15�0.78 and OR = 0.34; 95 CI, 0.14�0.84) were negative predictors for depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms are common in children and adolescents and are correlated with age and gender. The assessment of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, especially the depressive disorders and their comorbidities, may help to prevent mood disorders in children and adolescents. © 201

Prevalence, comorbidity and predictors of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents

Childhood anxiety may lead to serious health consequences in later life. The present study provides the prevalence, comorbidity, and predictors of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents. This was a cross-sectional national project that was implemented on 28,698 children and adolescents in Iran. Participants entered the study by multistage cluster sampling with an equal number of each gender and three age groups (6-9, 10-14, and 15-18 years) within each cluster. The tools used in this research were the demographic questionnaire and K-SADS-PL. To analyze the data logistic regression and chi-square tests were used in SPSS (ver. 16). The prevalence of anxiety disorder in children and adolescents was 13.2 in boys and 15.1 in girls. Furthermore, gender, age, place of residence and history of psychiatric hospitalization of parents could predict anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders had comorbidity with behavioral disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, substance abuse disorders, and elimination disorders. According to our findings in this study, anxiety disorders affect the performance, health and life of children and adolescents, identifying the childhood anxiety, as well as finding diseases that are associated with anxiety disorders, can help in the prevention of the disorder. © 2020 Elsevier B.V

Gender determines the pattern of correlation between body mass index and major depressive disorder among children and adolescents: Results from iranian children and adolescents' psychiatric disorders study

Background: We aimed to determine the correlation of BMI with depression and to determine the role of gender in this association, in a large study sample. Methods: We used the data of participants in the Iranian Children and Adolescents' Psychiatric Disorders (IRCAP) Study, conducted in 2017. This study was a national community-based, cross-sectional study in which the urban and rural areas of all provinces of Iran were covered. Overall 30,532 children and adolescents, ages 6-18, were randomly selected with the stratified cluster sampling method. Results: Of a total of 30,532 participants, 25,321, whose BMI had been measured and who had been interviewed with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS), entered the study (12,455 boys and 12,866 girls). We categorized the participants according to the national cutoff points for BMI classification. After controlling for age, father's and mother's job and education, and place of residence, the odds ratio (OR) of depression in underweight, healthy weight, and overweight boys compared with obese boys was 2.19 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.00-4.81, 1.06 (95% CI: 0.73-1.55), and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.49-1.32), respectively. In the girls' subgroup, after controlling for the aforementioned covariates, the OR of depression in healthy weight, overweight, and obese participants compared with underweight subjects was 1.29 (95% CI: 0.52-3.19), 1.54 (95% CI: 0.59-3.98), and 1.79 (95% CI: 0.68-4.69), respectively. Conclusions: Underweight boys were more likely diagnosed with depression than normal weight and overweight boys. While in girls, the probability of depression increased by increased BMI

Prevalence and correlates of psychiatric disorders in a national survey of Iranian children and adolescents

Objective: Considering the impact of rapid sociocultural, political, and economical changes on societies and families, population-based surveys of mental disorders in different communities are needed to describe the magnitude of mental health problems and their disabling effects at the individual, familial, and societal levels. Method: A population-based cross sectional survey (IRCAP project) of 30 532 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years was conducted in all provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by 250 clinical psychologists trained to use the validated Persian version of the semi-structured diagnostic interview Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-PL (K-SADS-PL). Results: In this national epidemiological survey, 6209 out of 30 532 (22.31) were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric disorder. The anxiety disorders (14.13) and behavioral disorders (8.3) had the highest prevalence, while eating disorders (0.13) and psychotic symptoms (0.26) had the lowest. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was significantly lower in girls (OR = 0.85; 95 CI: 0.80-0.90), in those living in the rural area (OR = 0.80; 95 CI: 0.73-0.87), in those aged 15-18 years (OR = 0.92; 95 CI: 0.86-0.99), as well as that was significantly higher in those who had a parent suffering from mental disorders (OR = 1.96; 95 CI: 1.63-2.36 for mother and OR = 1.33; 95 CI: 1.07-1.66 for father) or physical illness (OR = 1.26; 95 CI: 1.17-1.35 for mother and OR = 1.19; 95 CI: 1.10-1.28 for father). Conclusion: About one fifth of Iranian children and adolescents suffer from at least one psychiatric disorder. Therefore, we should give a greater priority to promoting mental health and public health, provide more accessible services and trainings, and reduce barriers to accessing existing services. © 2019 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved