282 research outputs found
BRM: the core ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex—a tumour suppressor or tumour-promoting factor?
BRM (BRAHMA) is a core, SWI2/SNF2-type ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex (CRC) involved
in various important regulatory processes including development. Mutations in SMARCA2, a BRM-encoding gene
as well as overexpression or epigenetic silencing were found in various human diseases including cancer. Missense
mutations in SMARCA2 gene were recently connected with occurrence of Nicolaides–Baraitser genetics syndrome.
By contrast, SMARCA2 duplication rather than mutations is characteristic for Cofn–Siris syndrome. It is believed that
BRM usually acts as a tumour suppressor or a tumour susceptibility gene. However, other studies provided evidence
that BRM function may difer depending on the cancer type and the disease stage, where BRM may play a role in the
disease progression. The existence of alternative splicing forms of SMARCA2 gene, leading to appearance of truncated
functional, loss of function or gain-of-function forms of BRM protein suggest a far more complicated mode of BRMcontaining SWI/SNF CRCs actions. Therefore, the summary of recent knowledge regarding BRM alteration in various
types of cancer and highlighting of diferences and commonalities between BRM and BRG1, another SWI2/SNF2 type
ATPase, will lead to better understanding of SWI/SNF CRCs function in cancer development/progression. BRM has
been recently proposed as an attractive target for various anticancer therapies including the use of small molecule
inhibitors, synthetic lethality induction or proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC). However, such attempts have some
limitations and may lead to severe side efects given the homology of BRM ATPase domain to other ATPases, as well as
due to the tissue-specifc appearance of BRM- and BRG1-containing SWI/SNF CRC classes. Thus, a better insight into
BRM-containing SWI/SNF CRCs function in human tissues and cancers is clearly required to provide a solid basis for
establishment of new safe anticancer therapies
Maria Czaplicka-Jedlikowska, Edukacyjne aspekty nazw własnych w literaturze dla dzieci, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz 2007, ss. 288
Małgorzata Rutkiewicz-Hanczewska, Genologia onimiczna. Nazwa własna w płaszczyźnie motywacyjno-komunikatywnej, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 2013, ss. 419
Variability of the azygos vein system in human foetuses
The aim of the study was to examine the variability of the azygos vein system
and to determine the location of the veins with reference to the vertebral midline
and the skeletopy of their termination. The research material consisted of
32 human foetuses (14 male, 18 female) from 21st to 24th week of intrauterine
life, fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution. Conventional anatomical - radiographic
methods were used. 5 different configurations of the azygos vein system
were found. In the 1st configuration there were 3 azygos veins, with both
the left side veins, the hemiazygos vein (HV) and the hemiazygos accessory vein
(HAV), joining the azygos vein (AV) separately. In the 2nd configuration the HV
and the HAV were joined to the AV together. In the 3rd configuration the HAV
was missing, and the 4th to 8th left intercostal veins were joined to the AV separately.
In the 4th configuration the HV was missing. In the 5th configuration
there was the AV only, which coursed along the vertebral midline. In these
4 configurations (1–4) the AV was located on the right side (90.6%) and in the
5th configuration the AV was located in the vertebral midline. The termination
of the AV projected mostly on Th4 (81.25%). The junction of the HV and the AV
was found the most frequently at Th8 (35.7%), and the junction of the HAV and
AV most frequently at Th4 (41.6%)
Activation of homeless people through Petanque Game
This study contains a description of homelessness in Poland and a description of a social project aimed at improving the quality of life of homeless people staying in the shelter for homeless men, on ul. Bogedain 5 in Wrocław belonging to the Saint Albert Association, through the activation of homeless people during physical activities with the help of the organized Petanque Games tournament. The homeless team had the opportunity to compete with outsiders, which allowed for social integration and counteracting the exclusion of homeless people. The implementation of tasks was aimed at improving the quality of men's lives as well as popularizing the tradition of playing at Petanque in a group of homeless men, meeting the needs of active activation, integration and social inclusion in this group of people
The internal thoracic artery in human foetuses
The aim of this study was to examine the internal thoracic artery (ITA) in human
foetuses. The research material consisted of 32 human foetuses (18 female,
14 male) from the 21st to 24th week of intrauterine life. After intravascular injection
with white latex LBS 3060, the foetuses were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution.
The whole course of the ITA was prepared. Photographic documentation was performed
with a Nikon Coolpix 4500 digital camera, and source pictures of arteries
were rendered in a Digital Computer System Analysis. The ITA was evaluated with
regard to its origin, length, distance from the edge of the sternum to two intercostal
spaces (2nd, 5th) and division into terminal branches. The right ITA (RITA) arose from
the ascending (68.7%), arcuate (21.9%) and descending (3.2%) parts of the subclavian
artery. In other cases (6.2%) it was a branch of the thyrocervical trunk. The left
ITA (LITA) was a branch of the ascending (78.1%) and arcuate (21.9%) parts of the
subclavian artery. The ITA was longer in male foetuses. Regardless of sex, the LITA
was longer than the RITA. Coefficient correlation between the RITA and LITA was
0.92 (p < 0.001). The distance of the ITA from the edge of sternum in the 2nd and
5th intercostal spaces on both sides was greater in females. It appeared most frequently
in the 6th space (43.7% right-sided and 56.3% left-sided). Typical bifurcation
of the ITA into the superior epigastric artery and the musculophrenic artery was
observed in 78.1% of cases on the right side and in 81.25% of cases on the left side
Bożena Frankowska-Kozak, Logonimy podmiotów gospodarczych w północno-zachodniej Polsce w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu XX wieku, Print Group, Szczecin 2009, ss. 293
Eliza Grzelak, W poszukiwaniu Edenu. Językowo-kulturowy obraz współczesnego polskiego ogrodu ozdobnego. Kreacja czasu i przestrzeni, Wydawnictwo Officina TUM, Gniezno 2008, ss. 311
The retroperitoneal anastomoses of the gonadal veins in human foetuses
In the retroperitoneal space the gonadal veins form a collateral circulation that
has a great clinical impact on sclerotherapy or surgical ligation of varicoceles.
The aim of this study was to examine the communications of the gonadal veins
(according to classification, frequency of appearance, gender and syntopic
differences) in human foetuses of both sexes (71 males and 59 females) aged
4–6 months of intrauterine life. On the right side the most frequently were
found the gonadal-periureteral anastomosis (23%) and the gonadal-perirenal
anastomosis (22%). A gonadal-lumbar anastomosis on the right side appeared
in 7% of cases. On the left side the most frequent (37%) was the gonadalperirenal
anastomosis, more frequently occurring as an ovarian-perirenal anastomosis
(48%) than as a testicular-perirenal anastomosis (29%). Gonadal-periureteral
anastomoses were found in a quarter of cases. Gonadal-lumbar anastomoses
were observed in 7% of individuals. On the left side the gonadal-mesenteric
inferior anastomosis was specifically observed (21%) as an ovarian-mesenteric
inferior anastomosis (24%) and a testicular-mesenteric inferior anastomosis (19%).
The cross-communications between the right and left gonadal veins (7%) were
more frequently as the bilateral testicular (9.7%) than as the bilateral ovarian
one (3%). In female foetuses gonadal-perirenal anastomoses occurred with statistically
greater frequency than gonadal-periureteral anastomoses (p ≤ 0.05).
The frequency of cross-communications of the gonadal veins was three times
greater in male foetuses (p ≤ 0.01). Statistical analysis revealed a significantly
greater frequency of left-sided anastomoses: the gonadal-perirenal in both sexes
(p ≤ 0.05), the gonadal-periureteral in males (P ≤ 0.05) and the gonadalmesenteric
inferior in both sexes (p ≤ 0.01)
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