48 research outputs found
Determination of structural elements of synthesized silver nano-hexagon from X-ray diffraction analysis
Silver nano-hexagons (AgNHs) have been prepared by a chemical reduction method using poly-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizing agent. The XRD results exhibit the crystalline nature of the prepared sample, with a face centred cubic (fcc) phase. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) results reveal that the silver nanoparticles are nearly hexagon in shape with an average size of 50 nm. Here, crystallite size has been calculated using Williamson-Hall (W-H) method, which is nearly matching with average size obtained from TEM analysis. Again, using W-H method, micro strain has been calculated, which is produced in the nano-hexagon due to dislocation of silver atoms. Further, the lattice constant of the nano-hexagons has also been estimated from the Nelson–Riley plot. Moreover, the appropriate structural parameters such as Lorentz factor, Lorentz polarization factor, dislocation density, number of atoms in a unit cell and morphological index have also been studied from the X-ray diffraction profile
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR EDUCATING PERSONS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Technology has changed and continues to change the way people manage things in their lives and it is analogous in the life of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) through integration of technology in education. Meaningful inclusive education can be made possible with the help of Assistive Technology (AT) since it helps in identifying and overcoming all barriers for effective, continuous and quality participation of all PwDs including those with intellectual disabilities in education. This article attempts to put forward few measures that provide effective education to Persons with Intellectual Disability through the support of assistive technology specifically designed by understanding their educational needs in order to maximize their academic success. Assistive technology pertinent to various domains of education and developmental areas with appropriate examples and case study is also being illustrated. Barriers to access assistive technology and recommendations to remediate it are also discussed in comprehensive manner. Article visualizations
Asymptotic analysis of Feynman diagrams and their maximal cuts
The ASPIRE program, which is based on the Landau singularities and the method
of power geometry to unveil the regions required for the evaluation of a given
Feynman diagram asymptotically in a given limit, also allows for the evaluation
of scaling coming from the top facets. In this work, we relate the scaling
having equal components of the top facets of the Newton polytope to the maximal
cut of given Feynman integrals. We have therefore connected two independent
approaches to the analysis of Feynman diagrams.Comment: 34 pages latex, 7 figures and 2 tables, ancillary Mathematica files
provided, substantially extended and improved, added new
sections(sub-section-2.5, section-3,4,appendix-B), References added, version
accepted for publication in EPJ
Validation of two preoxygenation techniques, 3 min tidal volume breath and eight vital capacity breath techniques in tribal and non-tribal population of Eastern India
Background: Preoxygenation during anesthesia can be done by 3 min tidal volume breath and eight vital capacity breath in 1 min, conventionally. Population of our country is not homogenous.
Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to validate preoxygenation processes in people of eastern India.
Materials and Methods: Total 140 patients of ASA grade I and II, age group 20–50 posted for surgeries under GA were allotted in TV and VC group. Every odd number and even number patient was tested for TV method and VC method, respectively, with a Magill circuit and airtight face mask with 100% oxygen flow at a rate of 10 L/min. Time and number of breaths were noted when end tidal oxygen concentration ≥90% in TV and VC group, respectively.
Results: In TV method, the mean time (in minute) was 3.10±0.27 and 3.13±0.24 for tribal and non-tribal sub-group (P=0.80); 3.02±0.37 and 3.10±0.27 for tribal and non-tribal male (P=0.57); and 3.18±0.05 and 3.16±0.21 for tribal and non-tribal female (P=0.57). In VC method, mean number of VC breaths was 8.32±0.60 and 8.43±0.74 for tribal and non-tribal sub-group (P=0.76); 8.75±0.49 and 8.23±0.70 for tribal and non-tribal male (P=0.42); and 8.20±0.60 and 8.60±0.72 for tribal and non-tribal female (P=0.16). Patients completing preoxygenation in TV and VC method – tribal: 22% and 53%, non-tribal: 4% and 62%, tribal male: 22% and 20%, non-tribal male: 8% and 68%, tribal female: 0% and 60%, and non-tribal female: 0 and 57%, respectively.
Conclusion: No significant difference found between tribal and non-tribal groups of both sexes in each method. Completion of preoxygenation was higher in VC group, though not tested statistically
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Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Background
Accurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios.
Methods
To estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10–54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values—a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy—by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007–21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline.
Findings
During the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63–5·06) to 2·23 (2·09–2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137–147), declining to 129 million (121–138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1—canonically considered replacement-level fertility—in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7–29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59–2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25–1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6–43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1–59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions—decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7–25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3–19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4–10·1) in 2100—but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40–1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35–1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction.
Interpretation
Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world
STABILITY OF DOUBLE LAYERS IN PLASMA
The properties of the electrostatic double layers in the non-collisional plasma have been investigated. The conditions on the stability of the double layers on base of the linearized equations for disturbances have been revealed. It has been shown that in beam double layer in the unlimited system only the convective instabilities can appear out the field of the potential drop. At presence of the conducting boundaries the development of the vibration type absolute instability is possible. The work results can be used for analysis of the data of laboratory and cosmic experiments on the investigation of the double layersAvailable from VNTIC / VNTIC - Scientific & Technical Information Centre of RussiaSIGLERURussian Federatio
Determination of structural elements of synthesized silver nano-hexagon from X-ray diffraction analysis
765-772Silver nano-hexagons (AgNHs) have been prepared by a chemical reduction method using poly-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizing agent. The XRD results exhibit the crystalline nature of the prepared sample, with a face centred cubic (fcc) phase. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) results reveal that the silver nanoparticles are nearly hexagon in shape with an average size of 50 nm. Here, crystallite size has been calculated using Williamson-Hall (W-H) method, which is nearly matching with average size obtained from TEM analysis. Again, using W-H method, micro strain has been calculated, which is produced in the nano-hexagon due to dislocation of silver atoms. Further, the lattice constant of the nano-hexagons has also been estimated from the Nelson–Riley plot. Moreover, the appropriate structural parameters such as Lorentz factor, Lorentz polarization factor, dislocation density, number of atoms in a unit cell and morphological index have also been studied from the X-ray diffraction profile
Online) An Open Access
ABSTRACT Chronic toxic effects of non-permitted food colour Metanil Yellow was carried out on the tongue papillae of albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) for exposure periods of 30 and 45 days at a dose of 3.0 g/kg body weight. Topological study displayed the toxic effects of Metanil Yellow on the tongue papillae especially on the filiform and fungiform papillae. The degenerative changes were found in both the filiform and fungiform papillae. Taste buds became necrosed after treatment. All these changes marked the toxicosis of Metanil Yellow on albino rat
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A Fast Distributed Deadlock-Detection Algorithm For Hypercube
There have been several distributed algorithms for deadlock detection. These algorithms are genera) and detect deadlocks for all topologies. In this paper, we have developed a fast distributed deadlock-detection algorithm for hypercube where a node waits for at most one message ai a time. Non-waiting nodes participate in deadlock detection by assisting in signal passing. For analysis purpose, the algorithm is 3 described for synchronous mode of computation. This algorithm terminates in O(n 3) time with overwhelming probability for a n-dimensional binary cube
Various Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquids – Synthesis and Application as Green Catalysts and Mediums for Esterification of Aromatic Acids
The extraordinary preferred standpoint of ionic liquids as solvents and catalysts and different alluring properties in organic chemistry, the preparation, and utilization of ionic liquids have pulled in important interest. In this Paper, we report a series of ammonium and pyridinium ionic liquids which have been synthesized and characterized. These ionic liquids are easy to prepare from amine and pyridine and acids. They have been utilized as catalysts and naturally favorable solvents for esterification of some aromatic acids. Since, esters are vital natural solvents, fundamental chemicals and pharmaceutically interesting chemicals which are broadly utilized as a part of the related industry. The results demonstrate that these ionic liquids are effectively isolated and reusable without losing their action and quality. On the other hand, the conversion and yield got from esterification utilizing these ionic liquids are essentially high. The separation of the desired product was generally performed by extraction with dichloromethane or ethyl acetate and water. The ionic liquids are reused after removal of water under vacuum at high temperature