Gallbladder Empyema: A Dreadly Complication of Acute Cholecystitis

Gallbladder empyema is a severe form of acute cholecystitis with additional suppuration with an incidence rate of 6.3%-26.6% and a mortality rate 3%. If not treated promptly, gallbladder empyema can cause complications. Therefore, in this literature review we will discuss gallbladder empyema in more depth and the immediate treatment that must be carried out to avoid complications in patients. In this literature review Schoolar, we conducted a search on the PubMed and Sciencedirect database    using    the search keyword “gallbladder empyema”, “empyema”, and “gallbladder”. Gallbladder empyema can occur due to bile that cannot be excreted from the gallbladder will cause infection from microorganisms so that the gallbladder becomes full of exudative material in the form of pus, causing acute inflammation. Diagnosis of gallbladder empyema can be done using Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan). Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is a procedure for the initial management of gallbladder empyema before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. If gallbladder empyema is treated immediately, the prognosis is good. If not treated promptly, gallbladder empyema can lead to peritonitis, and bacteremia leading to a rapid systemic inflammatory response, shock, and sepsis

Keanekaragaman Jenis Makroalga di Perairan Pulau Nangka Kabupaten Bangka Tengah

Macroalgae is one of the main components making up coastal ecosystems that contribute to maintain the marine ecosystem. This research aims to study macroalgae the diversity and the environmental factors that affect the presence of macroalgae in the coastal area of Nangka Island. Samples were obtained from 2 spots arround the coastal area of Nangka island using exploration survey methods. Identification was conducted in Botanical laboratory of Biology Departement, Universitas Bangka Belitung. Water and soil temperature were measured as enviromental factor parameters. The diversity was determined base on three different indexs; the diversity,  species evenness and species dominant. The study succesfully identified 4 different species of macroalgae from coastal are of Nangka island including Padina australis, Ulva linneaus, Kappaphycus alvarezii, and Acantophora spicifera. The results of the calculation of the diversity, evenness, and species dominant index shown that the abundance of macroalgae on Nangka Island can be categorized as low. Enviromental temperature for growth was suspected as the factor that affect the diversity of macroalgae arround the coastal area of Nangka islandMakroalga merupakan salah satu komponen penyusun ekosistem pesisir yang berperan penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji keanekaragaman dan faktor yang mempengaruhi keberadaan makroalga di perairan Pulau Nangka. Sampel diambil dari 2 titik lokasi di kawasan perairan pulau Nangka dengan metode survei jelajah. Identifikasi makroalga dilakukan di laboratorium Botani Jurusan Biologi Universitas Bangka Belitung. Suhu air dan suhu tanah di titik pengambilan sampel diukur sebagai parameter faktor lingkungan. Keanekaragaman dihitung berdasarkan indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman spesies dan dominansi spesies. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 4 jenis spesies makroalga yang ditemukan diantaranya Padina australis, Ulva linneaus, Kappaphycus alvarezii, dan Acantophora spicifera. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan indeks keanekaragaman, indeks kemerataan, dan indeks kekayaan jenis, kelimpahan mikroalga di Pulau Nangka dapat dikategorikan rendah. Suhu lingkungan tumbuh diduga berpengaruh pada keanekaragaman makroalga di perairan pulau Nangk

Utilization of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Books for Pregnant Women in the Working Area of the Siulak Gedang Health Center

The Maternal Mortality rates (MMR) and Infant Mortality rates (IMR) in Indonesia are still very high. This can be influenced by various factors. The MCH Handbook functions as an information tool and health screening for pregnant women, infants, and toddlers. Currently, the utilization of the MCH Handbook for pregnant women is still very low. considering that this book influences the Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women in improving their health status. The research method used is qualitative, with an analytic descriptive approach. The informants for this study consisted of pregnant women, heads of the Health Center, coordinators of the MCH Poly, Health Center midwives, Practical Midwives, and Clinical Midwives. Data collection through in-depth interviews, observation, and document review. The analytical approach used is content analysis. Qualitative data analysis using the help of Open Code software. The knowledge of pregnant women in using the MCH handbook regarding the contents, functions, benefits, and activities is good, but the understanding is still not correct. The attitude of pregnant women in using the MCH handbook is still lacking. It can be seen from the interest in reading and the lack of understanding of the contents of the MCH handbook. In addition, the role of health workers is still lacking because they have not explained the functions and contents of the MCH handbook. The knowledge of pregnant women regarding the use of the MCH handbook is good because pregnant women already understand the contents, functions, benefits, and activities of the MCH handbook. But they still don't understand the meaning of the MCH handbook. The attitude of pregnant women in utilizing the MCH handbook is still lacking because they rarely read and use the MCH handbook in an effort to prevent IMR and MMR. The role of health workers in utilizing the MCH handbook is still less visible than not conducting counseling regarding the MCH handbook to pregnant women