Antioxidant Activity of Unripe Sapodilla Fruit Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) through Nrf2 and SOD Expression in Type 1 Diabetic Mice

This research aims to analyze the effect of unripe sapodilla fruit extract on endogenous antioxidant expression in T1DM BALB/c mice and its free radical scavenging activity. Manilkara zapota extract (MzE) is an aqueous extract of unripe sapodilla fruit and was obtained by maceration and freeze-drying process. This study used 25 male BALB/c mice with 7-weeks-old of age. They were divided randomly into five groups (n=5) before treatment. A single high dose (145 mg/kg BW) of streptozotocin (STZ) was intraperitoneally injected to induce type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). MzE was given orally once each day for 14 days. Liver cells were isolated and immunoassay with anti-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and anti-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related Factor 2 (Nrf2), and then the results were analyzed by flow cytometry. Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was performed to analyze free radical scavenging. Data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). The result showed that the glucose levels in diabetic mice after MzE administration were significantly lower than in the DM group. MzE treatment increased the expression of Nrf2 and SOD in diabetic mice. MzE could scavenge DPPH with the IC50 value obtained at 48.35 μg/mL, while ascorbic acid as a control could scavenge DPPH with the IC50 value at 22.24 μg/mL. The increase in the scavenging activity is in line with the increase in extract concentration. In conclusion, this study revealed that MzE can be an endogenous antioxidant enhancer by improving the expression of Nrf-2, SOD and can inhibit free radicals as an exogenous antioxidant in T1DM

The effect of Phyllanthus niruri and Catharanthus roseus on Macrophage Polarization in Breast Cancer Mice Model

Cancer death cases have increased yearly, and there are estimated to be 21.6 million cancer cases in 2030. Studies of herbal compounds for cancer treatment alternatives are essential because cancer treatment is relatively expensive and has adverse effects. Phyllanthus niruri (Pn) and Catharanthus roseus (Cr) are plants that are known as herbal medicines. Combining the two plants is expected to prevent and enhance the immune system in breast cancer cases. This study aims to analyze the anti-cancer and immunomodulatory effects of P. niruri and C. roseus extract (PCE) in modulating macrophage polarization in breast cancer mice. Experimental animals are divided into six groups and there is healthy control (normal mice), cancer (DMBA-induced mice), cancer mice with cisplatin administration, cancer mice with PCE administration with three different doses, including dose 1 (500 mg/kg Pn + 15 mg/kg Cr), dose 2 (1000 mg/kg Pn + 75 mg/kg Cr), and dose 3 (2000 mg/kg Pn + 375 mg/kg Cr). The mice were injected with DMBA once a week for six weeks to induce cancer in mice. The breast cancer mice model was administered with PCE orally for 14 days. The expression of CD11b+IL-10+ and CD11b+IFN-γ+ demonstrated macrophage polarization. The results showed that breast cancer induction using DMBA increased the level of IL-10 and decreased the level of IFN-γ significantly compared to the normal group (p < 0.05). In specific doses, administration of PCE could reduce IL-10 levels and increase the level of IFN-γ significantly (p < 0.05). PCE can modulate the polarization of macrophages by suppressing the M2-like macrophage and increasing the M1-like macrophage. The ability of PCE to modulate macrophage polarization indicates that the combination of P. niruri and C. roseus has activity as an anti-cancer

Pendalaman Imunologi/Vaksin dan Pewarnaan Intraseluler bagi Guru SMA/Sederajat se-Malang Raya dan Sekitarnya

Malang merupakan salah satu kota pelajar yang memiliki berbagai sekolah dan perguruan tinggi yang terpercaya bagi pelajar dari berbagai daerah untuk mendapatkan pendidikan yang berkualitas. Pembelajaran di tingkat SMA bukan hanya terfokus pada kegiatan belajar mengajar, namun juga pada keterampilan laboratorium yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan siswa terutama pada bidang biologi. Peningkatan minat siswa pada bidang sains mendorong para guru untuk lebih kreatif mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan siswa mengikuti perkembangan teknologi. Pengabdian masyarakat ini diselenggarakan sebagai media transfer ilmu Biologi terbaru, terutama terkait imunologi dan pewarnaan intraseluler, kepada guru SMA/sederajat se-Malang Raya dan sekitarnya. Tahapan kegiatan diawali dengan persiapan dan sosialisasi program kepada peserta, perumusan materi, pelaksanaan kegiatan berupa pemaparan materi dan praktikum, serta evaluasi. Pendalaman konsep vaksin dan imunologi serta konsep pewarnaan intraseluler menggunakan flow cytometry telah terlaksana dengan hasil evaluasi menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman peserta dalam penguasaan materi yang diberikan. Evaluasi pada kegiatan menunjukan 93% peserta sangat berminat dan menunjukan tingkat kepuasan peserta pada kegiatan yang dilakukan. Kegiatan ini meningkatkan pemahaman peserta pada konsep imunologi dan vaksin sebagai bekal pembelajaran siswa. Kegiatan serupa sangat diharapkan oleh peserta untuk dilakukan secara berkelanjutan dengan pemahaman yang lebih kompleks

Molecular docking study of sea urchin (Arbacia lixula) peptides as multi-target inhibitor for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) associated proteins

Context: Lung cancer is a type of cancer that causes the most deaths worldwide. The most common type of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Sea urchin (Arbacia lixula) has high potential as an antiNSCLC agent. Aims: To analyze the anticancer activity of peptides from A. lixula coelomic fluid in inhibiting the activity of NSCLC-related proteins. Methods: Peptide modeling was performed using the PEP-FOLD3 web server. Proteins that have a crucial role in NSCLC progression were determined using KEGG pathway database. 3D protein structures such as EGFR, PI3K, BRAF V600E, and JAK3 were taken from the RCSB PDB database. Docking was performed using Autodock Vina software. Docking results analysis was carried out using Discovery Studio 2019 software. Results: Some peptides bind to the active sites with low binding affinity. Peptide 10 binds to the active site of the EGFR with a binding affinity of -9 kcal/mol. Peptide 5 binds to the active sites of PI3K and BRAF V600E with binding affinity of -8.2 and -8.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Peptide 11 binds to the active site of JAK3 with a binding affinity of -8.1 kcal/mol. All of these peptides have lower binding affinity than ATP as the native ligand. Besides, these peptides also produce more hydrogen bonds than ATP, so they are predicted to be more stable. Conclusions: Peptides 10, 5, and 11 have high potential as anti-NSCLC agents because they can inhibit the activity of proteins that play an essential role in the growth of NSCLC, namely EGFR, PI3K, BRAF V600E, and JAK3 through the competitive ATP inhibitor mechanism