NEW EQUATIONS TO DETERMINE EXERCISE INTENSITY USING DIFFERENT EXERCISE MODES

The purpose of this study was to determine new equations from the relationship of %·VO2max versus %HRmax, based on direct measures of oxygen uptake, in four exercise modes (leg cycling, rowing, stepping and running), in young adult females and males with low risk for cardiovascular disease. Ten adult males and ten females volunteered for the study. The participants performed an incremental test for each exercise mode until exhaustion. Regression analyses were carried out for each participant at a target % of VO2max and %HRmax was computed. At 40-90%·VO2max, the regression equations predicted similar values of %HRmax for males and females in the four exercise modes. In contrast, estimated %HRmax for cycling was higher at 40-70%·VO2max, when compared with stepping and running. The results support the notion that a single equation to predict target heart rate values for both males and females can be applied. Furthermore, at light and moderate intensities, leg cycling produces different %·VO2max-%HRmax regression equations than stepping and running

a systematic review in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years

© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.OBJECTIVE: This report aimed to systematically review the evidence for a differential association between objective and self-reported physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on academic achievement. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Studies were identified from searches in Embase, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTdiscus and Web of Science databases from January 2000 to December 2016. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Eligibility criteria included cross-sectional, longitudinal and interventional study designs. Outcomes included students' school grade or a standardised test or measure of academic achievement. Explanatory variables were cardiorespiratory fitness and objective and self-reported physical activity. Inclusion criteria included school-aged children and adolescents aged-18 years (or students from primary to secondary school when student's participants age was not described) and articles published in English, Portuguese or Spanish. RESULTS: A total of 51 articles met inclusion criteria: 41 cross-sectional, 2 intervention and 8 longitudinal studies. Results from 11 studies were inconsistent regarding the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and academic achievement. Ten of the 16 articles reported positive associations between self-reported physical activity and academic achievement. From the 22 studies that analysed the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic achievement, it was verified that they all generally support the beneficial effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on students' academic achievement. CONCLUSION: Higher cardiorespiratory fitness may be important to enhance children and adolescents' health and, additionally, academic achievement. Due to a lack of consensus across studies, methodological issues associated with the assessment of physical activity should be considered when investigating physical activity and academic achievement.publishe

TBW Assessment by Deuterium Dilution in Spanish Adolescents

Congreso para especialistas en Nutrición, Actividad Física y Composición CorporalINTRODUCTION: Total body water (TBW) assessment is a cornerstone in order to validate equations to estimate body composition components as fat mass and fat free mass. Deuterium dilution technique (D2DT) is considered the gold standard method to assess TBW, however in Spain there are not any reference data using D2DT. The knowledge of specific references for Spanish population must be a goal for the biological studies of Spanish people. OBJECTIVE: It was our aim to assess TBW using the D2DT in a sample of Spanish adolescents. METHODS: 224 specimens of urine from 150 adolescents (113 girls and 111 boys) were taken to analyze. A dose of 0.1 grams of 2D2O per Kg of body weight was administrated; afterwards it was followed by 4-hours stabilization period. The isotope (deuterium oxide (D2O)) dilution method was used to measure TBW with an isotope-ratio mass-spectrometer. Averages by sex and Tanner stages were calculated for %TBW and TBW. General lineal model were used to analyze differences and interactions between groups. RESULTS: %TBW was significantly different between boys and girls (58.98_5.59% vs 55.5_4.28%, P0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study has been the first in Spain, which have measured TBW in vivo using D2DT. These data can be useful to validate new methods and equations from bioimpedance analysis to estimate TBW.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Coca-Col

Accuracy of DXA in estimating body composition changes in elite athletes using a four compartment model as the reference method

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides an affordable and practical assessment of multiple whole body and regional body composition. However, little information is available on the assessment of changes in body composition in top-level athletes using DXA. The present study aimed to assess the accuracy of DXA in tracking body composition changes (relative fat mass [%FM], absolute fat mass [FM], and fat-free mass [FFM]) of elite male judo athletes from a period of weight stability to prior to a competition, compared to a four compartment model (4C model), as the criterion method.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 27 elite male judo athletes (age, 22.2 ± 2.8 yrs) athletes were evaluated. Measures of body volume by air displacement plethysmography, bone mineral content assessed by DXA, and total-body water assessed by deuterium dilution were used in a 4C model. Statistical analyses included examination of the coefficient of determinant (r²), standard error of estimation (SEE), slope, intercept, and agreement between models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At a group level analysis, changes in %FM, FM, and FFM estimates by DXA were not significantly different from those by the 4C model. Though the regression between DXA and the 4C model did not differ from the line of identity DXA %FM, FM, and FFM changes only explained 29%, 36%, and 38% of the 4C reference values, respectively. Individual results showed that the 95% limits of agreement were -3.7 to 5.3 for %FM, -2.6 to 3.7 for FM, and -3.7 to 2.7 for FFM. The relation between the difference and the mean of the methods indicated a significant trend for %FM and FM changes with DXA overestimating at the lower ends and underestimating at the upper ends of FM changes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our data indicate that both at group and individual levels DXA did not present an expected accuracy in tracking changes in adiposity in elite male judo athletes.</p

A New Approach to Express Regional Adiposity and Its Association with Blood Lipids, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance Markers

Regional adiposity is classically related with inflammation, insulin resistance (IR) and an altered blood lipid profile. Traditionally, central adiposity expressed as a ratio (%FM) = fat mass/total mass of the region is the variable most used in research. However, this ratio does not account for total bodily fat mass (TFM). So, a great accumulation in a region, where lean mass is more important than fat, could be more associated with risk factors than other with less absolute fat (kg) but higher percentage (in instance abdomen). PURPOSE: To analyse the associations between the ratio (RW) = regional fat mass (kg) / TFM (kg) and blood lilid profile, IR and inflammation. METHODS: Sixty-two pre-menopausal and healthy women were recruited for this study (age, 39.6 ±7.2 years; BMI, 29.2 ±4.2 kg.m-2; total %TFM, 42.0 ±5.9%). Weight and height were measured to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm respectively, and body composition was estimated with dual energy x-ray aborptiometry. RWF were calculated for trunk (RWT), lower limbs (RWLL) and upper limbs (RWUL). Insulin, glycaemia and insulin sensitivity (HOMA) were the IR markers. C-reactive protein (CRP) and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) were the inflammation variables. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) were also measured. Partial correlations adjusted to TFM between RW and blood markers were carried out. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between RWUL and HOMA (r=0.276, P<0.05), TG (r=0.292, P<0.05) and insulin (r=0.271, P<0.05). RWT was also correlated with blood lipids: TG (r=0.278, P<0.05) and LDL (r=-0.318, P<0.05). Finally, RWLL was the ratio with more number of associations: HOMA (r=-0.274, P<0.05), TG (r=-0.342, P<0.01), LDL (r=0.317, P<0.05) and insulin (r=-0.253, P<0.05). Abdominal and trunk %FM were only correlated with HOMA (r=0.380, P<0.01) and LDL (r=0.264, P<0.05) respectively. CONCLUSION: In our sample, regional fat mass contribution (RW) for whole body FM showed more associations with blood markers than classical ratios (regional %FM). These findings highlighted RW ratios were well correlated with inflammatory and IR risk factors, which in turn could be useful to express positive or negative results in future studies. This issue requires further investigation.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Avaliação de progênies de açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) com características superiores para produção de frutos em área de várzeas do estuário amazônico.

O açaizeiro (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) é uma palmeira dominante das florestas de várzeas, de seus frutos se obtém uma bebida concentrada, nutritiva e de alto valor calórico, conhecida por “açaí”, a qual é utilizada desde a época pré-colombiana pela população Amazônica, e que, a partir da década de 1990 tem atingido mercados em outras regiões do Brasil e no exterior. Em 2000 a Embrapa Amapá iniciou um programa de melhoramento genético de açaizeiro para a produção de frutos em várzeas do estuário amazônico. Foram instaladas no campo experimental de Mazagão 175 progênies, sendo 75 com produção de frutos no período chuvoso (população 1) e 100 com produção de frutos na estiagem - entressafra (população 2). Apartir de 2009 vêem sendo realizados acompanhamentos mensais de características de floração e frutificação nestas populações. Foram tomados os seguintes dados: emissão e abertura da espádice, enchimento e maturação dos frutos. No perído de agosto de 2010 a julho de 2011, pode-se observar que a população 1 teve dois picos de floração: o primeiro ocorreu em dezembro e o segundo e mais expressivo ocorreu entre o meses de abril a maio (meses chuvosos). Já a maturação dos frutos teve seu pico em maio de 2011 quando foram colhidos 518 kg de frutos nesta população. Já na população 2 a emissão de espadices teve seu pico em abril de 2011 e a maturação e colheita dos frutos em novembro de 2010 quando foram colhidos 1930 kg de frutos. Contudo, essas características são fortemente influenciadas pelo ambiente, por isso, serão necessários ainda alguns ciclos de observação destas populações para obter uma caracterização genotípica das progênies. Ambas continuarão sendo monitoradas para que as informações destas primeiras observações sejam confirmadas dentro do rigor cientifico

Validity of air-displacement plethysmography in the assessment of body composition changes in a 16-month weight loss program

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and dual energy x-ray absorptionmetry (DXA) in tracking changes in body composition after a 16 month weight loss intervention in overweight and obese females. METHODS: 93 healthy female subjects (38.9 ± 5.7 yr, 159.8 ± 5.6 cm, 76.7 ± 9.9 kg, 30.0 ± 3.4 kg/m(2)) completed a 16 month weight loss intervention. Eligible subjects attended 15 treatment sessions occurring over the course of 4 months with educational content including topics relating to physical activity and exercise, diet and eating behavior, and behavior modification. In the remaining 12 months, subjects underwent a lifestyle program designed to increase physical activity and improve eating habits. Before and after the intervention, subjects had their percent body fat (%fat), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM)) assessed by DXA and ADP. RESULTS: Significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) were found between DXA and ADP at baseline %fat (46.0 % fat vs. 42.0 % fat), FM (35.3 kg vs. 32.5 kg) and FFM (40.8 kg vs. 44.2 kg) as well as at post intervention for %fat (42.1% fat vs. 38.3 % fat), FM (30.9 kg vs. 28.4 kg) and FFM (41.7 kg vs. 44.7 kg). At each time point, ADP %fat and total FM was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.001) than DXA while FFM was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001). However, both techniques tracked %fat changes similarly considering that there were no differences between the two means. Furthermore, a Bland-Altman analysis was performed and no significant bias was observed, thus demonstrating the ability of ADP to measure body fat across a wide range of fatness. CONCLUSION: At baseline and post weight loss, a significant difference was found between ADP and DXA. However, the results indicate both methods are highly related and track changes in %fat similarly after a weight loss program in overweight and obese females. Additionally, the mean changes in %fat were similar between the two techniques, suggesting that ADP can be translated to its use in clinical practice and research studies as DXA currently is used

Impact of combined training with different exercise intensities on inflammatory and lipid markers in type 2 diabetes : a secondary analysis from a 1-year randomized controlled trial

© The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat ivecommons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Background: Exercise is a well-accepted strategy to improve lipid and infammatory profle in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, the exercise intensity having the most benefts on lipids and infammatory markers in patients with T2DM remains unclear. We aimed to analyse the impact of a 1-year combined high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with resistance training (RT), and a moderate continuous training (MCT) with RT on infammatory and lipid profle in individuals with T2DM. Methods: Individuals with T2DM (n=80, aged 59 years) performed a 1-year randomized controlled trial and were randomized into three groups (control, n=27; HIIT with RT, n=25; MCT with RT, n=28). Exercise sessions were super‑ vised with a frequency of 3 days per week. Infammatory and lipid profles were measured at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Changes in infammatory and lipid markers were assessed using generalized estimating equations. Results: After adjusting for sex, age and baseline moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), we observed a time-by-group interaction for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in both the MCT with RT (β=−0.70, p=0.034) and HIIT with RT (β=−0.62, p=0.049) groups, whereas, only the HIIT with RT group improved total cholesterol (β=−0.03, p=0.045) and LDL-C (β=−0.03, p=0.034), when compared to control. No efect was observed for C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble form of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor CD163 (sCD163), triglycerides and HDL-C in both groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: Favorable adaptations on IL-6 were observed in both the HIIT and MCT combined with RT groups fol‑ lowing a long-term 1-year exercise intervention in individuals with T2DM. However, only the HIIT with RT prevented further derangement of total cholesterol and LDL-C, when compared to the control group. Therefore, in order to encourage exercise participation and improve infammatory profle, either exercise protocols may be prescribed, however, HIIT with RT may have further benefts on the lipid profle.This work was supported by fellowships from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (JM grant: SFRH/BD/85742/2012; IRC grant: IRC: SFRH/BD/149394/2019). This work is also fnanced by a national grant through the FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the unit I&D 447 (UIDB/00447/2020).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Fitness but not weight status is associated with projected physical independence in older adults.

Obesity and fitness have been associated with older adults' physical independence. We aimed to investigate the independent and combined associations of physical fitness and adiposity, assessed by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with the projected ability for physical independence. A total of 3496 non-institutionalized older adults aged 65 and older (1167 male) were included in the analysis. BMI and WC were assessed and categorized according to established criteria. Physical fitness was evaluated with the Senior Fitness Test and individual test results were expressed as Z-scores. Projected ability for physical independence was assessed with the 12-item composite physical function scale. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for being physically dependent. A total of 30.1 % of participants were classified as at risk for losing physical independence at age 90 years. Combined fitness and fatness analysis demonstrated that unfit older adults had increased odds ratio for being physically dependent in all BMI categories (normal: OR = 9.5, 95 %CI = 6.5-13.8; overweight: OR = 6.0, 95 %CI = 4.3-8.3; obese: OR = 6.7, 95 %CI = 4.6-10.0) and all WC categories (normal: OR = 10.4, 95%CI = 6.5-16.8; middle: OR = 6.2, 95 %CI = 4.1-9.3; upper: OR = 7.0, 95 %CI = 4.8-10.0) compared to fit participants that were of normal weight and fit participants with normal WC, respectively. No increased odds ratio was observed for fit participants that had increased BMI or WC. In conclusion, projected physical independence may be enhanced by a normal weight, a normal WC, or an increased physical fitness. Adiposity measures were not associated with physical independence, whereas fitness is independently related to physical independence. Independent of their weight and WC status, unfit older adults are at increased risk for losing physical independence.D.A.S. is supported by a scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/92462/2013). L.S. conducted this work during a visiting scholar period to the Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal, supported by the Capes Foundation within the Ministry of Education, Brazil (Process: 88887.065407/2014-00). UE was partly funded by the MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Grant MC_UU_12015/3)This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-016-9911-