Vitamin D Detection Using Electrochemical Biosensors: A Comprehensive Overview

Vitamin D plays a vital role in health; therefore, there is a need for a sensitive, selective, quick, and easy technique for its determination. Previous research has proposed electrochemical biosensors based on different carbon materials that are functionalized with various electrochemical biosensors. However, the existing problems and future opportunities for these sensors need further research. The practical use of electrochemical biosensors for vitamin D detection is attributed to their ability to detect vitamin D from diverse samples, including vitamin D production, in nature. This chapter provides recent investigations on the utilization of electrochemical biosensors for vitamin D detection such as Ab-25OHD/SPE/FMTAD, CYP27B1/GCE, SiO2/GO/Ni(OH)2/GCE, BSA/Ab-VD2/CD-CH/ITO, BSA/Anti VD/Fe3O4 PANnFs/ITO, BSA/Ab-VD/Asp-Gd2O3NRs/ITO, 25OHD, 25OHD Antibody, IoT-Enabled Enzyme Embossed Biosensor, Au-Pt NPs/APTES/FTO, and GCN-β-CD/Au nanocomposite. The chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in electrochemical biosensors for accurate and efficient vitamin D detection

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Sveikatos specialistų požiūrio į organų donorystę ir transplantaciją Bangladeše analizė

Aim. The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions of health professionals towards of organ donation and transplantation issues in Bangladesh. Methods. The anonymous cross-sectional study was conducted at the Dacha Medical College and Hospital (DMCH) and at the Bangabandhu Shihais Mujiba Medical University (BSSMU) Hospital in Septmeber-October, 2017. By using the convenience sampling method, 145 from 170 health professionals and administrators were interviewed (response rate is 85.3 %). Data was analyzed by using the statistical analysis program SPSS 21.0. The criterion χ2 was applied to check the hypotheses for qualitative differences in symptoms. The significance level chosen for hypotheses is checked, ac p <0.05. Results. The study revealed trends in doctors and administrators' attitudes towards organ donation and related issues. The analysis of findings showed that he majority of respondents (67% of all respondents) believe that there is a risk of organ trafficking in cases of kidney donation. It also showed that the risk to donors might be more related specifically to mistreatment in case of emergency, organ trafficking, public hostility and abuse of the system (29%, 40%, 15.2% and 15.9% respectively). According to most medical doctors, the dominant ethical issues are related to the distribution of organs and the maintenance of donor prosperity. It has been determined that cardiologists regarded organ donation more positively than other medical doctors, however they were more concerned regarding a greater risk to donors while treating them in emergency situations. It showed that cardiologists compared with surgeons and pediatricians are more likely to believe that there is a risk of abusive use of the health care system in donations (50.3%, 14.5% and 35.2% respectively). Conclusions. Most doctors have a positive attitude towards donation, but most of them identify the various social risks to the donor and, accordingly, emerging ethical issues. It has also been established that the specialty of doctors and religious beliefs relate to their view of organ donation, most doctors and administrators point out that there is a lack of proper legal organ donation control system in Bangladesh

Association of lifestyle on prevalence of skin diseases

Introduction: The largest organ of the body is skin having 15% of the total adult body weight. Skin disease affects 30% to 70% of people, is common across all cultures, and affects people of all ages. The patterns of skin diseases vary in different countries as well as from region to region within a country. Multiple factors, including good hygiene, congestion, diet, socioeconomic status, and cultural taboos, influence the pattern of skin disorders. Objectives: To determine the types of skin diseases prevailing among patients in the hospitals and analyze the impact of life style on skin diseases. Methodology: Three hundred patients participated in this qualitative survey-based study, which was conducted at six hospitals situated across Pakistan's main cities and two hospitals from. The purposive sampling strategy was used and data was collected through predesigned questionnaire from June 15, 2022 up to July 20, 2022.&nbsp; Following collection, the data was entered, reviewed and analyzed to interpret the results. Results: Out of 300 participants included in the study, 26.7% (80) were males and 73.3% (220) were females.&nbsp